Term
| The three steps of transcription are... |
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Definition
| 1. Initiation; 2. Elongation; 3. Termination |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from instructions in the DNA. Messenger RNA is created in the nucleus from free nucleotides. The word "transcription" can be thought of as making a copy, simply taking one nucleotide sequence and making another one that can be transported. |
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Term
| Describe the "initiation" step of transcription |
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Definition
| The enzyme RNA polymerase locates the beginning of a gene and binds to the promoter region, causing the DNA to unravel. |
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Term
| Describe the "elongation" step of transcription |
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Definition
| Messenger RNA is assembled using Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine |
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Term
| Describe the "termination" step of transcription |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA. The RNA separates from the DNA strand and the DNA winds back up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Translation is the synthesis of proteins from instructions on the messenger RNA. It occurs in the cytoplasm, more specifically on the ribosomes, and has the three steps initiation, elongation, and termination, just like transcription. "Translation" can be remembered as converting the nucleotide language into an amino acid language. |
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Term
| What are the three stop codons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amino acid that all proteins begin with, and what is the codon that indicates it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the initiation complex of translation contain, and where does it bind? |
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Definition
Small ribosomal subunit
bit of tRNA coding for methionine (UAC, the anticodon to AUG)
several other proteins
This binds to mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation in which a number of nucleotides that is not a multiple of three is deleted, resulting in an alteration of all the nucleotides that follow it on a gene. This usually results in the synthesis of entirely non-function proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of inheritance in which the interaction of two or more genes contributes to a single phenotype. this describes traits like height and skin color that cannot be attributed to specific genes and vary continuously, not in separate categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. |
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Term
| Describe the "initiation" step of translation |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Anaphase I (of meiosis I) |
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Definition
| An entire pair of sister chromatids is pulled by the centromere away from its homologue. The sister chromatids do not separate; one member of each pair goes to each pole of the cell. |
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Term
| What are the results of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
| Two haploid daughter cells that are not genetically identical. |
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Term
| Describe Telophase I of Meiosis I |
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Definition
| Spindles disappear and daughter nuclei are haploid, containing sister chromatids that are still attached at the centromere |
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Term
| How does metaphase I differ from metaphase of mitosis? |
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Definition
| In metaphase I, chromatids line up at the equator in pairs (homologous pairs), because the sister chromatids aren't going to be pulled apart. |
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Term
| Which step of meiosis I provides for genetic variability? |
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Definition
| Primarily prophase I, because this is where crossing-over occurs. However, metaphase also provides for genetic variability because the homologous pairs shuffle as they line up at the equator and there is no knowing which daughter cell they will end up in. |
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Term
| Who stole the cookies from the cookie jar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule catalyzes the formation of the peptide bonds between amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which step of mitosis do the spindle microtubles disintegrate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Telomeres are repeated nucleotide sequences at the end of the chromosome that protect it from being bonded with by enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| The location of a gene on a chromosome |
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Term
| What are the products of Glycolysis?* |
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Definition
| Pyruvate and two molecules of ATP (details on the way, i'm not sure if this is per each molecule of glucose) |
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Term
| What oxygen carrier does fermentation produce, and why? |
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Definition
| Fermation produces NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue. In this way the organism can continue to harvest the two ATP at a time that it gets from glycolysis |
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Term
| Where does the krebs cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps of photosystem I? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps of photosystem II? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why don't I remember anything from Chapters 7 and 8? |
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Definition
| Have you heard of the primacy and recency effect? It means that the first and last things you learn are the easiest to remember, but you will probably forget everything in between. |
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