Term
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Definition
| The majority has unearned economic and political POWER and access to resources |
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Term
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Definition
I can if I wish arrange to be in the company of people of my race most of the
time.
2. If I should need to move, I can be pretty sure of renting or purchasing housing
in an area which I can afford and in which I would want to live.
3. I can be pretty sure that my neighbors in such a location will be neutral or
pleasant to me.
4. I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty well assured that I will not be
followed or harassed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the iceberg above the waterline represents the small part of culture that we see. There is a much larger portion underneath that we don't see. In reality, the larger invisible portion of culture influence or cause the visible culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Ways in which all people in all groups are the same |
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Term
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Definition
what a particular group of people have in common with each other and how they are different from every other
group |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which each one of us is different from everyone else, including those in our group |
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Term
| How Universal, Cultural, Personal Relate |
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Definition
1. Because of universal behavior, not everything about people in a
new culture is going to be different
2. Because of personal behavior, not everything you learn about
your host culture is going to apply in equal measure, or at all, to
every individual in that culture. |
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Term
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Definition
The individual identifies primarily with self, with the
needs of the individual being satisfied before those of
the group. Looking after and taking care of oneself,
being self-sufficient, guarantees the well being of the
group. Independence and self-reliance are greatly
stressed and valued. In general, people tend to
distance themselves psychologically and emotionally
from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
One’s identity is in large part a function of one’s
membership and role in a group, e.g., the family
or work team. The survival and success of the
group ensures the well-being of the individual, so
that by considering the needs and feelings of
others, one protects oneself. Harmony and the
interdependence of group members are stressed and valued.
Group members are relatively close psychologically and emotionally,
but distant toward nongroup members. |
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Term
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Definition
the process by which individuals and systems respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, languages, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, religions, and other diversity factors in a manner that recognizes, affirms, and values the worth of individuals, families,
and communities and protects and preserves the dignity of each.a set of congruent
behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system or agency or among
professionals and enable the system, agency, or professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural
situations |
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Term
| Five Essential Elements that Contribute to a System's Ability to become more Culturally Competent |
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Definition
| (1) value diversity, (2) have the capacity for cultural self-assessment,(3) be conscious of the dynamics inherent when cultures interact, (4) institutionalize cultural knowledge, and (5) develop programs and services that reflect an understanding of diversity between and within cultures |
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Term
| Cultural Competence Social and Political Action |
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Definition
| Social Workers should understand culture and its function in society and human behavior, recognizing the strengths that exist in all clients. Social Workers should have a knowledge base of their client's culture and be able to demonstrate competence in the provision of services that are sensitive to client's cultures and to differences among people and cultural groups. Social Workers should obtain education about and seek to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, etc |
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Term
| Critical Multiculturalism |
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Definition
| Allows to engage in the exploration of the multiple and complex power relations of difference and the mechanisms of oppression that operate in society. Knowledge is objectives and stresses the historical context in which all knowledge is based (critical theory), challenge the idea that social structures are natural and understand reality to be subjective and constructed through individual interactions (social constructivist theory), and seek to understand and challenge oppression and acknowledge that oppression is learned and privilege is conferred and maintained by social structures (anti-oppression theory) |
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Term
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Definition
Conservative- Focuses on white Western patriarchal culture. Believes in economic imperialism. Places blame for marginalization on individuals or their community. Denies the existence of mechanisms of oppression.
Liberal- Denies the fact that different groups have different levels of access to resources and opportunities. A philosophy of color blindness, which makes racial minorities invisible. Ignores class and gender differences.
Pluralist- Focuses on difference, separate but equal. Recognizes safe and controllable dimensions of difference. Shares shortcoming of liberal MC. Values the coexistence of people from different cultures. Believes that anyone can make it by working hard. Celebrates difference while ignoring powerlessness, violence, and poverty.
Left-Essentialist- Focuses on differences as essential piece of identity. Fails to acknowledge difference within identity groups. Believes that authenticity transcends history, social context, and power, has a tendency to romanticize difference, rejects biological bases for differences but downplays the impact of history, believes only oppressed people can possess moral authority to speak about oppression.
Critical- Focuses on emancipation, Views identity formation as social constructed and constantly shifting. Believes that self reflection promotes changes of perspective. Makes no pretense of neutrality. Works to expose processes that privilege the affluent and undermine the poor. Acknowledges that there are as many differences within cultural groups as there are between them. Acknowledges that power relations shape our consciousness. Recognizes that culture reproduces power relations and constructs experiences that preserve the privilege of oppressive forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| • When a multiplicity of oppressions intersect at multiple sites, they create new oppressions at their juncture. There is no hierarchy of oppressions, each are terrible and destructive. To eliminate these oppressions, a movement has to work on all oppressions. |
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Term
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Definition
Exploitation- The products of labor of one social group are transferred to benefit another group. Ex. Migrant laborers harvest produce for low wages with few or no benefits
Marginalization- Whole groups of people are denied the opportunity to participate in social life and thus can be subjected to severe material deprivation and even extermination. Ex. A building does not have the ramps and elevators that a person needs to enter and get around.
Powerlessness- Marginalized groups lack of authority, status, and sense of self. Ex. Single mothers receiving public assistance are treated with disrespect.
Cultural Imperialism- The culture and experience of the dominant group is established as the norm. Ex. Relationships in nonwhite communities are judged by white middle-class norms and values.
Violence- Groups are subjected to physical violence and harassment, ridicule, intimidation, and stigmatization. Ex. Gay youths are often verbally harassed and physically threatened in their schools. |
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Term
| How do we Maintain Systems of Oppression |
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Definition
| Mainstream media, privileged do not realize they have privilege, history is framed from lens of white Europeans historians, privilege and access to rights has been tied to whiteness, culture of silence, capitalism, and providing a ready labor pool of workers for low wage jobs. |
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Term
| Role of SW in Addressing Systems of Oppression |
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Definition
Social workers, more often than not, serve and work with those who experience life as the “other,” or those groups and individuals who fall outside what is defined as the norm.
Understand there is systemic inequality.
Social workers must be self-aware in order to prevent harm whenever meeting with a client.
Social workers must be culturally competent.
Social workers must look critically at systems.
Social workers must advocate for policies that are non inclusive |
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Term
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Definition
Acknowledge oneself as both affecting and being affected by society and requires analysis of social structure
Ex. What do I do on a day to day basis that might contribute to inequality? What have I learned about how to perceive or how to relate to members of my own group or other groups?
Allows people to begin to understand how their experiences of themselves is embedded in their interactions with others and how shared meanings are created |
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Term
| Consequences of Privilege |
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Definition
| Whites recognize they are members of a group that have historically oppressed people from other racial/ethnic groups. People of color are reticent to accept the actions of white individuals and groups. Whites feel guilt and shame. |
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Term
| Learning and Unlearning Assumptions of Hierarchical Social Order |
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Definition
| 1. We are empty of assumptions 2. We learned misinformation, myths, or nothing at all from family, friends, and others we respect and trust. 3. Misinformation and myths are reinforced through institutional and cultural structures. 4. We consciously or unconsciously accept what we are taught. 5. We either continue oppressive practices or we become allies with marginalized groups by acting responsibly. |
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Term
| African American Identity Model Five Stages |
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Definition
| Pre-encounter, Encounter, Immersion/Emersion, Internalization, Internalization/Commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| Idealize the worldview of the dominant white culture and denigrate blackness and black culture. Believe whites hold their advantaged status because of their extraordinary efforts, and that people who are African American are disadvantaged because they have not exercised enough effort. Identifies with people who are white. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person becomes aware that race is the delineator that determines or influences one's life options. Another identity must be found. Vacillates between shedding the pre-encounter identity and assuming a not yet clearly articulated African American identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acceptance of a positive authentic African American identity and a black or Afrocentric worldview. Adopts an African American identity and abandons her or his previously constructed personal identity. Overtly express a blackness that conforms to white stereotypes, and may express anger toward people who are white and African Americans who do not share their new perception of themselves. Immersion is a process of self-exploration. Emersion is a process of joining the community of identity to expand one's development. |
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Term
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Definition
The point at which one is able to positively internalize the unique elements of her or his personal identity blended with her or his
African American identity. Faces the world with a position of strength and identifies with African American group. Rejects racism and other forms of oppression but can have positive relationships with supportive people who are white. |
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Term
| Internalization/Commitment Stage |
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Definition
| Continuation and nurturing of one's positive African American identity and involvement in social and civic activities that combat all forms of racism and oppression. |
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Term
| White Racial Identity Development Stages and Phases |
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Definition
Phase 1: Abandonment of Racism- Contact, Disintegration, Reintegration
Phase 2: Defining a Nonracist White Identity- Pseudo-Independent, Immersion/Emersion, Autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
| Develop a vague awareness of the presence of people of color. May approach people of color with a tentative curiosity and may have only a vague awareness of their own whiteness. Pass judgment without understanding that whiteness is the norm against which they evaluate all others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whites start to develop a consciousness of whiteness. A painful process of questioning what they have been taught and what they believe to be true. Recognize that there are inequalities based on race and that social structures perpetuate oppression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acknowledge their white identity but assume that the social structures that privilege them and disadvantage others are part of a natural order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of a positive white identity, engaging in an intellectual process in an effort to make sense of what she or he has learned. Responsibility to help dismantle the system of oppression of people of color, but think the solution to the problem is to help people of color adopt the culture of the white dominant society. |
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Term
| Immersion/Emersion Stage WRID |
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Definition
| Develop a strong commitment to the development of a positive white racial identity. Replace myths and stereotypes about whiteness and people of color with accurate information. No longer see people of color as needing to be fixed. Fully accept the need for people who are white to play an integral role in the change process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internalization of a new definition of whiteness and a commitment to nurture this identity. Committed to eliminating the oppressive behaviors. Seeks out opportunities to engage with members of other racial and cultural groups. Individual's acceptance that this is an ongoing process requiring openness to new information and different worldviews. |
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Term
| Identity Model of Other Privileges |
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Definition
| As one moves from the pre-encounter stage to the encounter stage, awareness grows. Consciousness expands through self-reflection and involvement with one's communities of identity. Internalization and commitment follow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Of different groups operate differently but not separately. All are connected. Caused by a set of political, economic, and social factors that result in systematic inequality. Overlaps and is cumulative |
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Term
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Definition
| Use all your skills with client, don't assume, assess. Culturally competent Social Workers assess the sum total of the individual and not a singular identity. |
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Term
| Cross Cultural Curative Factors |
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Definition
| Every culture has processes, healers, mediations, and prescribed practices that define healing and wellness. Qualitative naturalistic studies identifying cross-cultural curative factors help inform social workers and counselors about basic intervention methods that are often useful in working with clients of differing ethnic background, gender, race, class, or socioeconomic status. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturalistic research (NR) is done in the field so data can be observed and evaluated in terms of connection with the social environment. Conducted in natural settings, naturalistic research is different from experimental research, as experimental research flows from theory and confirms or dis confirms theory. NR flows from data observed in the field, with the result that theory is created from the data observed. Theory derived from NR is called “grounded” theory |
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Term
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Definition
| One’s worldview encompasses the need to understand and have trust in the world and is a lens for constructing an image of cultural reality in the world. “Who am I, Where am I, What’s wrong, and What’s the remedy:” are questions answered in a person’s worldview. |
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Term
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Definition
| the curative factor is found in all cultures and societies. Folk healers and non-Western helps use symbols of healing power to help clients have more hope in the healing process |
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Term
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Definition
| the client’s perception of the practitioner’s ability to help. Field research has consistently found that healers should be ethical, responsible, warm, kind, mature and committed to the ethics and standards of their healing profession. When informed by culture and worldview respect, helper attractiveness facilitates healing and supports the curative factor of hope. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Western helping practices, it is considered important that the client learns something from the intervention that can be used to prevent problems in the future. This can be referred to as empowerment practices. Empowerment practices in social work are activities that help clients, groups, and communities build and restore their social functioning. Empowerment occurs as vulnerable and oppressed groups gain control of their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are methods of mastery and control that almost universally involve two elements: the movement toward chaos and symbolic death, and movement toward new life or rebirth. The client going through the initiation is expected to change old behaviors (symbolic death) and then accept or learn new behaviors (rebirth). This process is found in almost every major helping program toward helping people change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Guilt is a universal human experience. People constantly experience limitations, mistakes and failures, as human nature is imperfect. The cleansing experience appears to be a universal method that deals with the fact humans are imperfect. Restitution is called a cleansing act because it is a ritual or action or service to make up for a past mistake or transgression or it helps to turn the transgression to a thing of value and meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| this occurs when the social worker or other helper helps a client discover, create, and experience meaning or meaning potentials in everyday life. If one doesn’t know his purpose or meaning in life, depression, anxiety, or substance abuse may very well occur. This is what is called Existential Vacuum. It’s a void that is filled with negative thoughts and it is the social workers job to make the client realize there is purpose and meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which the helper provides the client with physical treatment like massage, medication, or surgery. In non-Western cultures, surgery is done for symbolic, sacred, or cathartic reasons. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who (1) have a history of inequality of power and/or resources; (2) share a differentiating trait or characteristic of cultural or physical dimensions such as language, religion or race; (3) have a self-conscious social unit separate from the dominant group; (4) have ascribed membership (at birth); (5) marry within their own groups, for example within their own race or religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| common identity, sense of belonging, and membership in a cultural group with similar traits and customs. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves respect between individuals and groups for others’ mutual culture, beliefs, and traditions and implies an absence of prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| – occurs when ethnic minorities seek to cope with their life situations while under pressure to conform to dual, often conflicting or incongruent requirements of both minority and dominant cultural systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| especially helpful to the first-generation members of minority groups because of the difficulty of their relocation. They need to feel close to their rituals and culture. Problems especially occur due to the next generation’s gradual loss of the original culture and traditions. Minorities enter their communities organizations, groups, and clubs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The acculturated minority group member successfully learns, accepts, and internalizes the norms, values, and methods of discovering meaning in the dominant culture. Finding comfort in their traditional values and meaning experiences serves as a bridge to embracing the values and norms of the dominant cultural group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transitional minority culture group member is the most vulnerable to cultural confusion and loss of direction or meaning in life. They are vulnerable because traditional values, beliefs, and practices that have been meaningful in the past are being replaced or changed to match the new majority culture. Loss of social networks, separation from family supports and loss of social role are great stressors and confusion, so much so that it may be enough to affect mental health. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this process, the minority culture member successfully integrates elements of the dominant culture with elements of his or her traditional ways. If a successful integration occurs, the minority group member is able to use the legal and political strategies of the dominant culture for self-protection yet keeps the values, norms, and rituals of their minority tradition which gives them a sense of identity and meaning in the face of possible discrimination by the dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
o Be a sounding board, listen without judgment
o “Hold” the client’s painful experiences
o Often there is a release of pain that reduces the client’s suffering
o Catiyah’s example of Charlene’s feelings whenever she describes the pain she felt when she saw the chief dancing in the documentary
o “Hold” onto that feeling of empathy whenever going into the next step of telling |
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Term
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Definition
| o Talk about the client’s pain and/or traumatic experience |
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Term
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Definition
o Trying to master the trauma
o Hidden meanings are revealed as the client takes control of their traumatic experience
o Client accepts that the trauma doesn’t control them
o Healing occurs from this point |
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Term
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Definition
o “What will bring me closure?”
happens during the healing process, when meaning potentials for the future can be actualized from painful experiences in the past.
-clients become able to honor their past trauma experiences.
-a healing process during which meanings in the trauma situation are identified and meaning potentials are actualized
-believed to be a spiritual part of the social work practice. |
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Term
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Definition
| and biological “musts” such as food, shelter, and water |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the “can” dimension, where freedom, choices, and opportunities are found often by intentions or expectations and in respect for responsibilities for oneself and others. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the “ought” dimension defined as meaning and purpose in life, even in self-transcendence. |
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