Term
| What are the symptoms of excess parasympathetic activity? |
|
Definition
DUMBBELSS
Diarrhea
urination
Miosis
Bradycardia
Bronchospasm
Excitation of CNS
Lacrimation
Salivation
Sweating
and abdominal cramping |
|
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Term
| What are the sx of inhibiting cholinergic activity |
|
Definition
Dry as a bone (dry skin, mouth, eyes)
Blind as a bat (cycloplegia)
Mad as a hatter (delirium, agitation)
Bloated as a toad (constipation
Red as a beet (flushed skin) |
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Term
| Atropine is contraindicated in what patients? (5) |
|
Definition
Glaucoma
BPH or urinary obstruction
GI Obstruction or Ileus
Infants (can cause hyperthermia)
Elderly, delerious, dementia, |
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Term
| A gardener presents with shortness of breath, miosis, salivation and diarrhea...what caused this? What is the mechanism of action |
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Definition
| Most likey organophosphate drug; MOA=anticholinesterase |
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Term
| If atropine is not effective in reversal of organophosphate poisoining, what can be used? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscurinic antagonist can be used to increse FEV1 in a pt with COPD? |
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Definition
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Term
| A 30 year old schizophrenic patient has urinary retention due to his neuroleptic. What can be used to treat this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 classes of drugs can cause mydriasis(that does not constrict with light) |
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Definition
| Sympathomimetic or antimuscarinics |
|
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Term
| What primary hormone is increased or decreased in Cushing syndrome |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What primary hormone is increased or decreased in Conn's syndrome |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What primary hormone is increased or decreased in Addison's disease |
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Definition
| decreased cortisol and decreased aldosterone |
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Term
| What primary hormone is increased or decreased in Graves disease |
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Definition
| increased thyroid hormone |
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Term
| What is the function of MacConkeys agar? |
|
Definition
-select out gram positive bacteria (via crystal violet and bile salts which inhibit growth)
-distinguish btn lactose and nonlactose fermenters |
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Term
| What are 5 classes of drugs used to treat glaucoma |
|
Definition
alpha agonist
beta blockers
diuretics (mannitol)
choilinergic agonists
prostaglandins |
|
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Term
Your patient has facial angiofibroma, ashleaf spots of skin depigmentation, hx of seizures and mental retardation.
What does this patient have?
What neoplasms is he at risk of developing (3)? |
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Definition
Tuberous sclerosis;
Risk of developing: cardiac rhabdomyoma, astrocytoma, angiolipoma |
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Term
What is the cause of achalasia?
How is it diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Cause: loss of myenteric plexus (Auerbachs)
DX: Barium swallow (bird's beak appearance) or manometry |
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Term
| Leading causes of death (5) from ages 15-24? |
|
Definition
Injuries
Homicide
Suicide
Cancer
Heart disease |
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|
Term
| Leading causes of death (5) from ages 25-64? |
|
Definition
Cancer
Heart disease
Injury
Suicide
Stroke |
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|
Term
In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes:
Anti-GBM antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes:
Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes:
Spike and dome appearance |
|
Definition
| Membranous glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes:
Tram-track of subendothelial humps |
|
Definition
| membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes:
Subepithelial humps |
|
Definition
| Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical uses for metronidazole? (6) |
|
Definition
"GET GAP"
Giardia
Entamoeba
Trichomonas
Gardnerella vaginalis
Anaerobes
h.Pylori |
|
|
Term
| What side effect occurs with metronidazole? |
|
Definition
| disulfiram-like reaction when taken with alcohol |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common complications after an MI? |
|
Definition
Cardiac arrythmia
LV failure |
|
|
Term
| What is Dressler's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| fibrinous pericarditis occurring after an MI |
|
|
Term
What is the deficiency in Chronic granulomatous disease?
What are the sxx? |
|
Definition
NADPH oxidase deficiency; failure to generate O2 radicals
Recurrent infections with catalase positive organisms |
|
|
Term
| What is the WAGR complex? |
|
Definition
Wilm's tumor (most common tumor 2-4yo)
Aniridia (absence of the iris)
Genitourinary malformation
Retardation |
|
|
Term
| What substances inhibit p450? |
|
Definition
PICK EGS
Protease inhibitors
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Erythromycin
Grapefruit juice
Sulfonamides |
|
|
Term
| What is the general byproduct of phase I metabolism? |
|
Definition
| substances that are slightly polar and water soluble (often still active) |
|
|
Term
| What is the general byproduct of phase II metabolism? |
|
Definition
| substances that are very polar, more likely to be inactive metabolites and more easily renally excreted |
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|
Term
| What reactions take place in phase I metabolism? |
|
Definition
| reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| What reactions take place in phase II metabolism? |
|
Definition
| acetylation, glucuronidation, sulfation |
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|
Term
| What questions are asked during the four clinical phases of drug development? |
|
Definition
Phase I: is it safe?
Phase II: does it work?
Phase III: does it work better than the current standard?
Phase IV: post market surveillance |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase and their clinical applications |
|
Definition
Neostigmine-postoperative and neurologic ileus and urinary retention, MG, reversal of NMJ blockade
Pyridostigmine-MG, does not penetrate CNS
Edrophonium- diagnose MG
Physostigmine- fixes atropine OD, glaucoma
Echothiophate-Glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the various applications of atropine? |
|
Definition
-induce mydriasis
-slow respiratory secretions in patients undergoing anethesia
-decrease stomach acid
-decrease gut motility |
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
alpha 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
alpha 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
beta 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
beta 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
M1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
M2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
M3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
D1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
D2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
H1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
H2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
V1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What G protein class does the following receptor stimulate?
V2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many half-lives does it take for a drug infused at a constant rate to reach 94% of steady state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does hexamethonium affect the following?
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Cardiac output
Urine output
GI motility
Pupil of the eye |
|
Definition
Blood pressure-decreases
Heart rate-increases
Cardiac output-increases
Urine output-decreases
GI motility-decreases
Pupil of the eye-mydriasis |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for t1/2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug would you use for septic shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical applications for dopamine? |
|
Definition
| Shock (renal perfusion), and heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical applications for dobutamine? |
|
Definition
| Heart failure, cardiac stress testing |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical applications for phenylephrine? |
|
Definition
| Pupillary dilation, vasoconstriction, nasal decongestion (stop nose bleeds) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 beta2 agonists? |
|
Definition
MAST
metaproterenol, Albuterol, Salmeterol-for asthma
Terbutaline to reduce premature uterine contractions |
|
|
Term
| Which receptors are stimulated by the following sympathomimetics? CLonidine Dopamine Phenylephrine Albuterol Norepinephrine Isoproterenol Epinephrine Dobutamine Terbutaline |
|
Definition
| Clonidine: centrally acting a2 Dopamine: a1=a2=B1>B2>D1 Phenylephrine Albuterol: B2>B1 Norepinephrine: a1=a2>B1 Isoproterenol: B1=B2 Epinephrine: a1=a2=B1>B2 Dobutamine: B1>>>a1=a2=B2 Terbutaline: B2>B1 |
|
|
Term
| Which sympathomimetic is given first line as a nebulizer for asthma? |
|
Definition
| albuterol or levalbuterol for pt with heart disease (no B1 activity) |
|
|
Term
| Which sympathomimetic is the drug of choice for anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sympathomimetic is the most common first line agent for patients in cardiogenic shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sympathomimetic is the most common first line agent for septic shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sympathomimetic is given sub Q for asthma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sympathomimetic is used by ENT to vasoconstrict nasal vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sympathomimetic is used to treat ADHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs would be most appropriate in a patient in shock bc they maintain renal perfusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the clinical applications for B-blockers? |
|
Definition
| HTN, angina pectoralis, MI, SVT, CHF, glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| What do all B-blockers end in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sxx of B-blocker toxicity? |
|
Definition
| impotence, exacerbation of asthma, cardiovascular adverse effects, CNS adverse effects; use with caution in diabetics |
|
|
Term
| What are the B1-selective anatognists? |
|
Definition
| BEAM-Betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol |
|
|
Term
| What are the nonselective B-antagoinists (B1=B2) |
|
Definition
"Please Try Not to be Picky"
Pindolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Propranolol |
|
|
Term
| Non-selective a- and B-antagonists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 60 year old male has a hard time driving at night bc of worsening vision and the appearance of halos around oncoming headlights. What is the most likely cause? |
|
Definition
| Cataracts. You will also see colored halos around light in closed angle glaucoma, but that is associated with sudden onset and pain |
|
|
Term
| What drug is given before removing a pheochromocytoma? |
|
Definition
| nonselective a-blocker, Phenoxybenzamine |
|
|
Term
| What do a1-blockers end in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical application for a1-blockers? SE? |
|
Definition
| urinary retention in BPH; SE= orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache |
|
|
Term
| What drug is an a2 selective antagonist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical use for mirtazapine? |
|
Definition
| Depression, especially in elderly because it increases appetite and sleep |
|
|
Term
| What nerve is usually injured during fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus, or during dislocation of the humeral head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve may be injured during a fracture at the midshaft of the humerus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is injured in "Saturday night palsy" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two common ways the Median nerve can be injured? |
|
Definition
Proximal: fracture of the supracondylar humerus
Distal: Carpal tunnel syndrome; dislocated lunate |
|
|
Term
| What nerve may be damaged during a fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus (funny bone)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fracture of the hook of the hamate can result in injury to what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upper trunk compression may damage what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat nerve roots make up the radial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve roots make up the axillary nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve roots make up the median nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve roots make up the musculocutaneous nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve roots make up the ulnar nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve roots make up the long thoracic nerve? What does it innervate? |
|
Definition
| C5-C7;, innervates the serratus anterior which connects the scapula to the thoracic cage |
|
|
Term
| An elderly woman with chronic osteoarthritis and diffuse pain now presents with numbness and tingling over the lateral digits of her right hand that sometimes radiates up to the elbow. Exam reveals wasting of the thenar eminence. What is the most likely dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 classes of drugs used to treat glaucoma? |
|
Definition
a-agonists
B-blockers
cholinomimetics
Prostaglandins
Diuretics |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible side effects seen with the use of B-blockers? |
|
Definition
| Impotence, Asthma exacerbation, CHF exacerbation, Bradycardia, Sleep alterations, AV Block, Sedation |
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