Term
| Why do distrubances of cell growth occur? |
|
Definition
| they are morphogenic reactions to stress |
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Term
| Cells BLANK or BLANK n response to persistant stress. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some major adaptive reactions of cells? |
|
Definition
-atrophy
-hypertrophy
-hyperplasia
-metaplasia
-dysplasia
-neoplasia |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease in size and function |
|
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Term
| What is cell hypertrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cell hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
-Proliferating, exuberant granulation tissue and dense fibrous connective tissue
-overzealous repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell replased with another type that works better, the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive thickening of stratium corneum layer |
|
|
Term
| What is hyperkeratosis caused by? |
|
Definition
| chronic friction of the oral mucosa, it becomes keratonized |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical appearance of hyperkeratosis? What is another name for it? What is the treatment? |
|
Definition
-opaque white lesion
-leukoplakia
-treatment is elimination of the cause |
|
|
Term
| What is moricatio burrarum? |
|
Definition
| very severe linea alba/ hyperkeratosis- actually bite on tissue so it callouses, can cause abrasions which lets bacteria in, etc. |
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|
Term
| What are some necrotic lesions that may appear as leukoplakias? |
|
Definition
| surface oral mucosa destroyed by chemicals (aspirin, dental materials, etc., electrical, thermal, trauma) |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of hyperplasia? What does it look like? |
|
Definition
-denture stomatitis
-red, pebbly |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common metaplasia? |
|
Definition
| replacement of glandular epithelium with squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Is metaplasia reversible? |
|
Definition
| usually reversible if stimulus is removed |
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|
Term
| Where does dysplasia occur most commonly? |
|
Definition
| in hyperplastic squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What does dysplasia share common cytological factors with? |
|
Definition
| cancer, it is a cancerous lesion |
|
|
Term
| What is the most severe stage of dysplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are replaced in dysplasia? |
|
Definition
| basal cell layers changed, as they move up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New growth of tissue that arises from existing tissue but grows independently, at it’s own rate, and serves no useful function |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of neoplasia? |
|
Definition
–Chemicals
–ultraviolet Radiation
–Viruses
–Diet
–Hormones |
|
|
Term
| How many people diagnosed with oral cancer will still be alive 5 years later? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two classifications of neoplasias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benign- Appearance? Growth rate? How is the growth? Does it spread? Matastasis? |
|
Definition
–Cells resemble tissue of origin
–Slow growing
–Growth is encapsulated
–Remains localized
–No metastasis |
|
|
Term
| Malignant- Appearance? Growth rate? How is the growth? Does it spread? Matastasis? |
|
Definition
–Cells are atypical
–Mitotic figures may be numerous
–Rapid growing
–Invasive, Unencapsulated
–Metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of development of cancer? |
|
Definition
1.initiation
2.promotion
3.progression |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the initiation stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the promotion stage? |
|
Definition
| other factors that promote the altered cell to multiply, all tumors arise from a single altered cell that clones itself |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the progression stage? |
|
Definition
| groups of cells develop into lesion, infiltrate adjacent tissue, and metastasis to distant sites |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the immune system in cancer? |
|
Definition
| to recognize the cells as "not self" and attack with WBC, immunocompromised ppl are more at risk |
|
|
Term
| What is the prefix of neoplasias? |
|
Definition
| determined by the tissue of the cell of origin |
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|
Term
| What is the suffix oma used for? Carcinoma? Sarcoma? |
|
Definition
-"oma"- benign lesion
-“carcinoma”- used to indicate a malignant tumor of epithelial origin -“sarcoma” to indicate a malignant tumor of connective tissue origin |
|
|
Term
| Are carcinomas or sarcomas more common? |
|
Definition
| carcinoma is 10 times more common |
|
|
Term
| Where do carconimas metastasize? Sarcomas? |
|
Definition
carcinomas- through the lymph system
sarcomas- through the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| What are some common signs of oral carcinoma? |
|
Definition
–Erythema
–Ulceration or Erosion
–Induration
–Fixation
–Failure to heal
–Lymphadenopathy
–Leukoplakia |
|
|
Term
| What are some common biopsy methods? |
|
Definition
•Exfoliative cytology
•Brush biopsy
•ViziLite
•VELscope
•Incisional biopsy
•Excisional biops
•Needle biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What are collected in Exfoliative Cytology? What is done with them? |
|
Definition
•Surface epithelial cells are collected
•Transferred to slide, fixed, and stained |
|
|
Term
| What is a type of brush biopsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is obtained with a brush biopsy? What analyzes the sample? |
|
Definition
•Obtains a full transepithelial specimen
•Computer assisted analysis of sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for lesions we cannot see, pt rinses with 1% acetic acid solution, illuminate oral cavity with glow light |
|
|
Term
| What is the Toluidine Blue Staining Technique? |
|
Definition
| blue dye that stains abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What is a needle aspiration biopsy? |
|
Definition
| stick needle into tumor or growth to get cells out |
|
|
Term
| What is an incisonal biopsy? When are they done? |
|
Definition
•Take a part of the lesion
•Done when lesion is large
•Most common type in oral cavity since most lesions will be of epithelial origin |
|
|
Term
| What is an excisonal biopsy? When is it often done? |
|
Definition
•Take the whole lesion out
•Often done when lesion is small and likely benign |
|
|
Term
| How are cancers classified? |
|
Definition
| Tumor size, location, lymph node involvement, and spread |
|
|
Term
| What is the classification used for cancer? |
|
Definition
-TNM
T = tumor size
N = node involvement
M = metastases |
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments of cancer? (5) |
|
Definition
-surgery
-chemothearpy
-radiation
-hormones
-immunotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign lesions,stage 1, or not spread |
|
|
Term
| When is chemotherapy used? |
|
Definition
| after surgery if all of the cells are not removed |
|
|
Term
| What is radiation used for? |
|
Definition
| to shrink the tumor or cancer in localized area |
|
|
Term
| How is immunotherapy used to treat cancer? |
|
Definition
| recognize cancer cells as being foreign and attack them |
|
|
Term
| What are some oral manifestations of cancer therapy? |
|
Definition
-mucositis(2 wks after tx, mult ulcers)
-xerostomia(caused by radiation)
-osteonecrosis(death of bone)
-trismus(fibrosis of muscles)
-dysgeusia(altered taste)
-decrease in RBC, WBC, platelets |
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