Term
| If left undisturbed, normal biota biofilm contains _______ bacteria that can damage soft tissues and bones called __________ surrounding the teeth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Introduction of carbs to the oral cavity can result in breakdown of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of dental caries? |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus mutans and sucrose |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common infectuous disease of humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are dental caries endogenous or exogenous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is more succeptible to dental caries? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does dental caries attach to tooth enamel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 chemicals created from the metabolism of Sucrose in the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Key component of plaque. Makes plaque impenetrable to saliva. |
|
|
Term
| What does lactic acid do? |
|
Definition
| Breaks down the tooth's enamel. |
|
|
Term
| What happens once the tooth's enamel is compromised? |
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Definition
| S. Mutans along with other oral bacteria causes an infection of the underlying tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
| Poryphyromonas gingivalis. |
|
|
Term
| How does porphyromonas gingivalis cause disease? |
|
Definition
| Releases enzymes which causes a weakening of the gingival tissue and surrounding bone along with inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Periodontal Disease? |
|
Definition
| Most asymptomatic but can cause sensitive gums, tooth discoloration and loosening/loss of the tooth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An acute viral infection of the parotid glands (Parotitis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of the mumps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the mumps an RNA or DNA virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of the mumps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of the mumps? |
|
Definition
| Swelling of the parotid gland and face pain. |
|
|
Term
| What other organs does the mumps target? |
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Definition
| Parotid glands, testes, ovaries, meninges, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| How is the mumps contracted? |
|
Definition
| Direct contact or by inhaled respiratory droplets |
|
|
Term
| What is gastritis/gastric ulcers? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the stomach associated with the production of gastric ulcers |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of gastritis/gastric ulcers? |
|
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
acidophilic urease positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sharp burning pain emanating from the abdomen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lesions in the mucosa of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Where is a duodenal ulcer? |
|
Definition
| Uppermost portion of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a duodenal ulcer? |
|
Definition
| Bloody stool, vomiting... |
|
|
Term
| What are up to a third of all diarrheal illness contracted by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most cases are self-______ and do not require treatement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent in salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is salmonella contracted? |
|
Definition
| Consumption of raw or undercooked food products |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of salmonella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does salmonella last? |
|
Definition
| 4-7 days without treatment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of typhoid fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is typhoid fever contracted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does typhoid fever target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of typhoid fever |
|
Definition
| HIgh fever, malaise, stomach pains, loss of appetite and in some cases a rash. |
|
|
Term
| If untreated, how long can typhoid fever last? If treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does typhoid fever reside? |
|
Definition
| The gallbladder of asymptomatic hosts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infected 53 people and never contracted it herself. |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of shigellosis? |
|
Definition
| Shigella dysenteriae, flexneri, and sonnei |
|
|
Term
| What does shegellosis target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is shigellosis contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Shigellosis attack? |
|
Definition
| Potent toxin known as Shiga toxin that breaks down the intestinal lining |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of shigellosis? |
|
Definition
| Fever, inflammation of gut wall, diarrhea containing blood and mucus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most virulent strain of E.Coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does enterohemorrhagic E. Coli cause? |
|
Definition
| Mild gastroenteritis with fever to bloody diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| About ____ of patients develop hemolytic uremic syndrome which damages the kidneys so they fail. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can enterohemorrhagic e. coli cause neurological symptoms such as what? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Blindness, seizure, stroke |
|
|
Term
| What does enterotoxigenic e.coli cause? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory disease of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What does enteropathogenic e.coli cause? |
|
Definition
| Linked to a wasting form of infantile diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What does enteroaggregative e.coli cause? |
|
Definition
| Chronic diarrhea in young children and in AIDS patients. |
|
|
Term
| What is Campylobacteriosis? |
|
Definition
| the leading bacterial form of diarrhea in the US |
|
|
Term
| What causes campylobacteriosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is campylobacteriosis contracted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rare complication that C. Jejuni can result in and what is it? |
|
Definition
| Guillian-Barre syndrome. General paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| What does C.Diff cause? Where is it common? |
|
Definition
| Pseudomembranous colitis. Hospitals. |
|
|
Term
| How does C.Diff attack and what does it target? |
|
Definition
| Superinfects the large intestine when drugs have disrupted the normal flora. Produces two toxins A and B that cause necrosis in the wall of the intestines. |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of cholera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is cholera contracted? |
|
Definition
| Fecal-oral transmission. Binds to cells in small intestine. Produces powerful cholera toxin that results in the loss of 20L of fluid daily. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cholera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If untreated, can cause death in ______ and has a ____% mortality rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of cryptosporidium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is cryptosporidium contracted? |
|
Definition
| Ingested as cysts usually when agricultrual run off has contaminated a water supply |
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidium is common in _________ and was not identified as a threat to human until the _____ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cryptosporidium? |
|
Definition
| Fever, loss of appetite, nausea, cramps, watery diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What causes most cases of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the effects of the rotavirus vary? |
|
Definition
| With age, nutritional state, general health, and living conditions. Generally pass in a week but can last weeks in some cases. |
|
|
Term
| Are vaccines available for rotavirus? If so, explain. |
|
Definition
| Yes. Have to be administered at 2 & 4 or 2,4 & 6 months to be effective. |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for half of all the cases of viral gastroenteritis in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Norovirus contracted? |
|
Definition
| Fecal-oral route or from eating contaminated shell fish. |
|
|
Term
| How long do symptoms last? |
|
Definition
| 12-60 hours without treatment |
|
|
Term
| What is Giardiasis causative agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common waterborne illness in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are specific symptoms to Giardiasis? How long do they last? |
|
Definition
-floating stool
-flatulence
can last several weeks. |
|
|
Term
| How is Giardiasis contracted? |
|
Definition
| Fecal-oral usually via contaminated drinking water. |
|
|
Term
| Symptomatic and asymptomatic patients of Giardiasis can become _____-_____ carriers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are most cases asymptomatic or symptomatic? Mild or severe symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Hep. A is jaundice common and is it linked to liver cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a vaccine available for Hep A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Hep B transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Via blood or body fluids with a small infectious dose. Sharing razors and tooth brushes |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Hep B? |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, jaundice, tender/swollen liver, coke-colored urine, clay-colored stool. |
|
|
Term
| Can Hep B lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a vaccine available for Hep B? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis C is considered a _______ epidemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Hep C transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Hep C? |
|
Definition
| Jaundice, coke urine and clay colored stool |
|
|
Term
| Can Hep C lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hep C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who can Hep D only infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magnify the symptoms of Hep B |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hep D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Hep E similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Hep E transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Hep E acute/chronic? Mild/severe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hep E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Hep G transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Hep G linked to Hep C? |
|
Definition
| No, but often seen in those patients with Hep C |
|
|
Term
| About ____% of patients with Hep C have Hep G. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hep G? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Hep A? |
|
Definition
| No specific treatment. Will often resolve itself spontaneously. Patient should abstain from drugs and alcohol. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Hep B? |
|
Definition
Acute - Rest along with a high carb/protein diet to repair liver cells.
Chronic - Interferon |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Hep C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for Hep D, E, G? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is taenia saginatus associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is taenia solium associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is diphyllobothrium latum associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dipylidium canium associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if a tapeworm goes unnoticed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a specific symptom of a tapeworm infection? |
|
Definition
| Eggs or larva in the stool. |
|
|
Term
| What does treatment of a tapeworm target? What should be done to reinsure you do not reinfect yourself? |
|
Definition
| Adult tapeworms. Hand washing. |
|
|
Term
| Where do liver flukes reside? |
|
Definition
| The bile duct of the liver. |
|
|
Term
| How is a fluke contracted? |
|
Definition
| Eating raw or undercooked fish. |
|
|
Term
| What are two chinese liver flukes? |
|
Definition
| Opisthorchis sinensis and Clonorchis sinensis |
|
|
Term
| What is an intestinal fluke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does fasciola buski target? |
|
Definition
| Large intestinal parasite acquired by ingesting the larval form of the worm on unwashed plants. |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of fasciola buski infection? |
|
Definition
| Malabsorption and toxemia |
|
|
Term
| What is schistsoma mansoni? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does schistsoma mansoni reside? |
|
Definition
| Veins of the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| How is schistisoma mansoni infect? |
|
Definition
| Contact with the larva which penetrates the hair follicle. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a schistosoma mansoni infection? |
|
Definition
| Rash, itchy skin, fever, cough, chills, muscle aches. |
|
|
Term
| How are the eggs of S. Mansoni expelled from the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a paragonimus westermani? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is P. Westermani transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Infected shellfish. The larva enter the blood stream and move up to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| After reproducing in the lungs, P. Westermani eggs are coughed up into the GI tract and leave how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a enterobius vermicularis? |
|
Definition
| Pinworm. Nematode. Most common helminthe infection in the US. |
|
|
Term
| How is E. Vermicularis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Fecal-oral occasionally airborne. |
|
|
Term
| How do female E. Vermicularis lay eggs? |
|
Definition
| Emerge from the anus that causes itchiness of the anus which is the most common symptom of the infection. |
|
|
Term
| What is trichuris truchura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where it T. Trichura common? |
|
Definition
| Tropical climates where sanitation is poor |
|
|
Term
| How is T. Trichura transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of T. Trichuria? |
|
Definition
| Bloody diarrhea and deficiency anemia. Profusion of the rectum with severe infections |
|
|
Term
| What is necator americanus & ancylostoma duodenale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does N. Americanus and A. Duodenale get transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Burrows through skin of people walking barefoot on contaminated group and move into the bloodstream and enter the lung tissue. Entry site is red and itchy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a N. Americanus and A. Duodenale infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The larva of N. Americanus and A. Duodenale move up the bronchi and then where? |
|
Definition
| Are swallowed then take host in the small intestine which results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. |
|
|
Term
| What does Trichinella Sprialis cause? |
|
Definition
| Trichinosis, Trichiniasis, Trichinellosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is T. Sprialis associated with? |
|
Definition
| Undercooked meats such as pork |
|
|
Term
| How is T. Spiralis contracted |
|
Definition
| Ingested cysts burst open and grow into adult worms that cause the production of more cysts |
|
|
Term
| Once contracted, where do T. Spiralis worms move? What about severe infections? |
|
Definition
| Bloodstream and into the muscle tissue resulting in pain when breathing and chewing. Can invade neural and lung tissue. |
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