Term
| The ability to defend the body against foreign (nonself, alien) threats, mainly microbes, by attacking and destroying the foreign substance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The immune system attacks the body's own tissues in addition to foreign ones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nature immunity. Involves non-immune defense mechanisms. Things that you were born with such as skin and tears. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adaptive or specific immunity. Involves the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 functions of the immune system. |
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Definition
1. Attacks microbes and related threats from the environment.
2. Monitors tissues to eliminate cells with precancerous changes |
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Term
| Eye, lymph nodes, skin, respiratory tract, blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen, digestive system, and urogenital tract are all body parts that help with what type of immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigens, antibodies, immune cells, immune organ (lymphoid tissue), humoral immunity, and cell mediated immunity all help with what type of immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Any substance capable of inciting an immune reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anti-antigen protein, an immunoglobulin, made by B cells to attack an antigen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 major classes of immunoglobulins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of humoral immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main immunoglobulin class. |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of immunoglobulin involved mainly in allergic reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of immunoglobulin mainly found in the respiratory tract. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lymph nodes
Thymus gland
Spleen
Bone marrow
Other lymphoid tissue |
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Term
| Name 2 types of immune cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is humoral immunity (antibody) mediated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cell mediated immunity mediated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretes antibodies and mediates humoral immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 5 functions of B cells |
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Definition
1. activation of complement system
2. agglutination and precipitation
3. opsonization
4. neutralizing antigens, blocking their binding sites
5. Activation of effector cells in allergic reaction |
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Term
| Making things stick together |
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Definition
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Term
| Makes bacteria more readily and efficiently engulfed by phagocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of cells activate mast cells to release histamine causing asthma attack |
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Definition
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Term
| Attacks antigen directly by means of programmed receptors on their surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are their antibodies involved in T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 functions of T cells. |
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Definition
Cell mediated immunity
Direct attack foreign substance
Regulate lymphocyte activity
Delayed hypersensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
Cytotoxic T-cell
CD8 T cell
CD4 Helper T cell |
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Term
| This type of T cell is known as "memory t cell" and is used for direct skilling. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of T cell is known as the suppressor or killer T cell. It has a role in cancer, transplant rejection, and autoimmune diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of T cell secretes cytokines to modulate immune cell activity. It is the target of HIV. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 types of cytokines |
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Definition
Interleukins: IL-2, IL-10
Interferon-gamma (IFN-y)
Tumor necrosis factors-beta (TNF-Beta) |
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Term
| Influences a variety of immune cells and acts locally and distantly. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low CD4 cells means what for immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| A state of immunologic similarity (or identity) that permits successful allograft transplantation. |
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Definition
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Term
| More than 50 genes code for cell-surface ___ antigens. |
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Definition
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Term
| Present on almost all cell types except RBCs, a mismatch betweenn tissue donor and receiver will cause tissue rejection. |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle determinant of tissue type and transplant compatibility (Human Leukocyte Antigen and Major Histocompatibility Complex) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 MHC (major histocompatibility complex) classes |
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Definition
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Term
| Which MHC class includes all tissue types except RBCs and elicits an immune response in non-identical individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are hte subset cells of MHC class II? |
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Definition
| Mono, macrophage, dendritic, B and T cells |
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Term
| Which class of MHC cells includes complement proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Immune deficiency means you are at risk for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The immune system attacks __ and other threats from the environment. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Immune defiency means what for cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The immune system monitors tissues to eliminate cells with __ changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The immune system over-reacts to certain foreign molecules like what? |
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Definition
| Allergy, hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Where the immune system attacks the body's own tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Autoimmune and allergic reactions cause what? |
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Definition
| Tissue damage and inflammation |
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Term
| When an immune cell becomes malignant |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the 4 most common classifications of immune diseases. |
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Definition
Hypersensitivity disease
Transfusion, tissue transplant
Immunodeficiency Disease
Malignancy of immune cells |
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|
Term
| Name 3 reactions to a hypersensitivity disease. |
|
Definition
Allergy
Transfusion Reaction
Tissue Transplant Rejection |
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Term
| There are 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions. Name Them. |
|
Definition
Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity, B-cell mediated
Type II: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity, B-cell mediated
Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity, B-cell mediated
Type IV: Cellular (delayed) hypersensitivity, T-cell mediated |
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Term
| Give 4 examples of Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity, B-cell mediated |
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Definition
| Allergic rhinitis, hives and allergic asthma; anaphylactic reaction and shock |
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Term
| Give 4 examples of Type II: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity, B-cell mediated |
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Definition
| Blood transfusion miss match, glomerulonephritis, graft rejection, myasthenia gravis |
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Term
| Give an example of Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity, B-cell mediated |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 5 examples of Type IV: cellular (delayed) hypersensitivity, T-cell mediated |
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Definition
| Viral infections, tumor cells, graft rejection, contact dermatitis (poison ivy), TB skin test |
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Term
| What type of antibodies mediate Type I immune reaction: immediate hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the initial exposure during Type I immune reaction: immediate hypersensitivity. |
|
Definition
| IgE production, attached to mast cells |
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Term
| What do mast cells release? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the 4 parts of subsequent exposure during a Type I immune reaction: immediate hypersensitivity. |
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Definition
1. Allergen binds to IgE on the mast cell
2. Mast cells release histamine
3. Histamine causes vasodilation and edema
4. Tissue allergic reactions
- itching, brochospasm, wheezine, sob
- vasodilation and edema formation, low BP, weakness and tissue swelling |
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Term
| Give an example of complement mediated cytotoxicity when the abs binds to RBC Ag, activates complement system, RBC destroyed. During the Type II: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| Blood transfusion reaction (miss match blood type), Rhesus incompatibility hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| Give an example of antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity when the b-cells secrete abs, abs bind to target cells, natural kill cells then lyse the targeted cells. In the Type II immune reaction, Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| Glomerulonephritis, Graft Rejection |
|
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Term
| Give an example of antibody mediated cellular dysfunction when antibodies attach to target-cell receptors and interfere with target-cell function in the Type II immune reaction, Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where abs binds to ACh receptors at the NMJ, blocks the signal transmission from nerve to muscle, causing muscle weakness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type III immune reaction - immune complex hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| Antigen-antibody immune complex. Deposition of an antigen/antibody complex mainly in the vascular walls, serosa (pleura, pericardium, synovium) and glomeruli of the kidney. Cause vasculitis and widespread tissue damage like in SLE |
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Term
| Type 4 immune reaction - cellular (delayed) hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| T cell immune reaction. Does not depend on antibodies. Slower process of reaction. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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Term
| Viral infections, tumor cells, tissue graft rejection, contact dermatitis (poison ivy) and TB skin test |
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Definition
| T-cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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Term
| The over-reaction to certain antigens (allergens) that cause inflammation and tissue damage. |
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Definition
| Allergy or hypersensitivity (overactive immunity) |
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Term
| Where the immune system attacks the body's own tissue. This causes tissue damage and inflammation. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where you have an increased risk for infection and malignancy. |
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Definition
| Immune deficiency (decreased immunity) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of when immune cells can become malignant. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the portal of entry for allergic reactions? |
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Definition
| Skin contact, mouth, fluids, etc |
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Term
| Allergen re-exposure triggers __ cells to release a large amount of histamine. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During an allergic reaction, symptoms can be mild or severe causing ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name 4 examples of a local allergic reaction. |
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Definition
| allergic rhinitis, hives, allergic asthma, drug allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 signs and symptoms of a local allergic reaction. |
|
Definition
| Itching, hives, wheezing, SOB, tissue swelling |
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|
Term
| Name a systemic reaction for allergies |
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Definition
| Anaphylactic reaction and shock (this is a medical emergency) |
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Term
| Name 5 signs and symptoms of a systemic allergic reaction. |
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Definition
| Low BP, laryngeal edema, bronchospasms and mucus secretion, airway obstruction, pulmonary edema |
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|
Term
| Name 3 treatments for allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
| Antihistamines, Decongestants, Epinephrine |
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|
Term
| Is blood transfusion reaction a medical emergency? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood transfusion reaction |
|
|
Term
| Rapid deconstruction (hemolysis) of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies |
|
Definition
| Blood transfusion reaction |
|
|
Term
| Name 6 symptoms of blood transfusion reaction. |
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Definition
| Fever, chills, shaking, back pain, hemoglobinuria, other |
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|
Term
| What is the major complication from a blood transfusion reaction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Go through the course of action for a blood transfusion reaction. |
|
Definition
1. Stop the transfusion immeditely
2. Notify nurse
3. Follow the transfusion reaction protocol
4. Check for clerical errors. Patient bracelet, blood bank bracelet, blood product, and compatibility tag
5. Maintain IV access with normal saline
6. Supportive patient care
7. symptomatic treatment |
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Term
| Immune reaction against "self" antigen |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissues are affected during autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
| Multisystem or single cell type |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things are mostly involved during autoimmune diseass? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue and blood vessels |
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Term
| Also called collagen-vascular disease or connective tissue diseases |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 5 systemic autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
1. SLE
2. Rheumatic fever
3. RA
4. Scleroderma
5. Polyarteritis nodosa |
|
|
Term
| Name 7 Organ-Specific Diseases |
|
Definition
1. MS
2. Hashimoto Thyroiditis
3. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4. Glomerulonephritis
5. Dermatomyositis
6. Myasthenia Gravis
7. Type I Diabetes |
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|
Term
| What organ does MS target? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does hashimoto thyroiditis affect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does glomerulonephritis effect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does dermatomyositis effect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does myasthenia gravis affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This autoimmune disease targets beta cells in pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 type of arthritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the #2 type of arthritis |
|
Definition
| RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) |
|
|
Term
| This disease is chronic, progressive, systemic autoimmune disease of synovial joints. The cause is not clear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of RA? |
|
Definition
| Synovial joint tissue inflammation and articular cartilage erosion |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of RA? |
|
Definition
| 1-2% of the adult population (2 million), occurs more often in women (75%). Occurs usually between the ages of 25-50 |
|
|
Term
| What will a blood test reveal in a patient with RA? |
|
Definition
| Elevated ESR and positive risk factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrocyte Sedementation Rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subtle onset, low-grade fever, fatigue, morning joint pain and stiffness, diffuse musculoskeletal pain |
|
|
Term
| This disease effects multiple joints with symmetric, bilateral presentations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what joints is RA most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is most involved in RA early? |
|
Definition
| MCP, PIP of hands. Edematous, warm, painful, and stiff (improves with activity) |
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|
Term
| What is most involved with RA late? |
|
Definition
| Joint deformity, subluxation. Ulnar deviation of fingers, thickening of articular soft tissue |
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|
Term
| In the spinal column, whee is RA most common? |
|
Definition
| Upper cervical spine. Occiput-C1 and C1-2 |
|
|
Term
| Deep, aching neck pain radiating into the occipital, retroorbital, or temporal areas. Neck movement precipitates or aggravates neck pain. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Facial and ear pain and occipital headaches occur often due to the irritation of the C2 nerve root to the spinal trigeminal tract, greater auricular nerve, or greater occipital nerve. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Atlantoaxial subluxation and brainstem or spinal cord compression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sensation of the head falling forward with neck flexion, syncope, dysphagia, vertigo, seizures, hemiplegia, dysarthria, nystagmus, and peripheral paresthesias and loss of dexterity of the hands |
|
Definition
| Cervical instability in RA patients in the spinal column |
|
|
Term
| Where you stop breathing during sleep because of compression of the brain stem. |
|
Definition
| Sleep apnea due to RA of the spinal column |
|
|
Term
| Compression neuropathies; nerve entrapment syndrome (carpal tunnel, tarsal tunnel) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polyneuropathy, peripheral neuropathy (mononeuritis multiplex, stocking-glove peripheral neuropathy), cervical myelopathy, subluxation or instability of C1-2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UE paresthesias that increases with neck flexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiculopathy, weakness of UE or LE, paralysis, hyperactive distal tendon reflexes, urinary and fecal incontinence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synovitis, bursitis, tendinitis, fascitis, neuritis, and vasculitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These can be found on the extensor surface of skin in tendon, or organ such as the lung. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects does RA have of the heart. |
|
Definition
| Conduction, pericarditis, vasculitis |
|
|
Term
| What effects does RA have on the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does RA effect both genders equally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does RA affect cardiopulmonary function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RA restricts activity and decreases ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it easy to diagnose RA early? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you try to diagnose RA in early stages? |
|
Definition
| History, physical exam, imaging, lab and exclusion of other disorders |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment goals for RA? |
|
Definition
| Reduce pain, maintain mobility, minimize stiffness, edema, and joint destruction |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 Primary (inherited) Immunodeficiency Diseases |
|
Definition
1. X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- B-cell dysfunction
2. Thymic Hypoplasis
- T-cell dysfunction
3. Severe combined immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
| Congenital, x-chromosome linked, recessive disorder that affects males. |
|
Definition
| X-linked agammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
| With this disease, patients suffer from recurrent pyrogenic (fever) infections |
|
Definition
| X-linked agammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
| Who is the carrier for x-linked agammaglobulinemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 5 pyrogenic infections |
|
Definition
| bronchitis, pneuomonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, GI infection |
|
|
Term
| A congenital absence of the thymus gland; complete absence of functional t-cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another term for Thymic Hypoplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With thymic hypoplasia, are b-cells functional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients with this disease suffer from frequent viral, fungal, and protozoan infections. |
|
Definition
| Inherited Immunodeficiency Dz |
|
|
Term
| What happens to patient with Thymic Hypoplasia after 5 years old? |
|
Definition
| T-cell function usually normalizes |
|
|
Term
| Where both lymphoid tissue and thymus is underdeveloped. This affects both b and t cells. |
|
Definition
| SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) |
|
|
Term
| With this disease, the patient will have a low blodo lymphocyte count, infections are a huge issue, a they will suffer a wide range of them, many of which will be caused by oppotunistic microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some causes of Secondary Immunodeficiency |
|
Definition
| 1. Aging 2. Malnutrition 3. Stress/Depression 4. Excessive physical exertion 5. Chronic Dz 6. Drug induced immunodeficiency 7. Viral infections |
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