Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia |
|
Definition
| Nausea, malaise, headache, altered mental status, depressed deep-tendon reflexes, lethargy, and seizures |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia |
|
Definition
| Irritability, restlessness, muscle twitching,altered mental status, lethargy, seizures, and coma |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of diabetes insipidus and causes |
|
Definition
Central - sudden onset polyuria
Nephrogenic - gradual onset polyuria
Causes: Lithium toxicity, CNS malignancy |
|
|
Term
| Causes of apparent hypokalemia |
|
Definition
| Intracell shifting of potassium, causes metabolic acidosis, insulin, beta agonist |
|
|
Term
| Causes of True hypokalemia |
|
Definition
| Increased loss of potassium. Causes: GI losses, Renal losses, decreased intake. |
|
|
Term
| Causes of apparent hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
| Extra Cellular shifting. Causes: Metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Causes of True hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
Increased intake/diminished output.
Cell death or breakdown, renal failure, ACE-I/ARB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Poor nutrional intake - Alcoholism
Renal Wasting - Diuretics, amphotericin B
Increased loss - vomiting, diarrhea
Endocrine causes - hypoparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism. |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia |
|
Definition
Muscle twitching, tetany, personality changes, convulsions, stupor, coma, torsades de pointes.
Can result in decreased effectiveness of calcium and potassium replacement |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Hypermagnesemia |
|
Definition
| Renal dysfunction, antacid/laxative use, IV fluids or parenteral nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia |
|
Definition
| Muscle weakness, fatigue, lethargy, hypotension, coma, paralysis, cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid hormone does? |
|
Definition
| Increases calcium, decreases phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases calcium, increases phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreases Calcium, Decreases phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease Mg, Phos, and Calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diminished Intake - Long term TPN
Hypoparathyroidism - thyroidectomy
renal failure - high phosphate depresses Ca
Medications - steroids, bisphosphonates, diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
| Finger numbness, tingling in extremities, paresthesia, tetany (Including chvostek and Trousseau) hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Malignancy, primary hyperparathyroidism
Medications: Calcium supp, vitamin D analogs, estrogen, thiazide diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
| Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, polyuria, polydipsia, EKG changes, ventricular arhythmias, lethargy, obtundation, psychosis, coma, death. |
|
|
Term
| Causes of hypophosphatemia |
|
Definition
Diminished Intake - alcoholism
Renal excretion - thiazide and loop diuretics
Intracell phos shift - refeeding syndrom
Excessive use of phosphate binders: calcium containing antacids, sevelamer, lanthanum |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Hyperphosphatemia |
|
Definition
| Causes include: Chronic kidney disease, excessive intake, hyperparathyroidism, treatment of malignancy |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia |
|
Definition
| Soft tissue calcification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Statins, amphotericin B, colfibrate, ethanol, Lithium, Barbituate poisoning, working out, IM Injection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural component of cell wall membranes and is a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids. Can be synthesized by the liver or absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main form of lipid storage. Reservoir of fatty acids to be used for fuel for gluconeogenesis or for direct combustion as an energy storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diabetes, peripheral artery disease, history of transient ischemic attack, stroke |
|
|
Term
| Iothalamate and Cr-EDTA Clearance |
|
Definition
| Radioactive markers used in research settings to measure GFR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gold standard for measuring GFR |
|
|
Term
| Elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen |
|
Definition
| Decreased renal perfusion, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, obstruction. |
|
|
Term
| Decreased Blood Urea Nitrogen |
|
Definition
| Malnourished, Liver Damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
<1% hypovolemia
>2% indicates tubular damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9-12 hours without food or beverages. |
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