Term
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Definition
The study of the frequency, distribution, and determinants in a population.
- and the application of this study to the control of health problems |
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Term
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Definition
A factor that, when altered, changes the frequency or characteristics of a disease
(aka: exposure, risk factor, independent variable, explanatory variables, etc.) |
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Term
| Define Outcome of Interest |
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Definition
The response to the change in determinant
- "the dependent variable"
(e.g. disease, health, productivity, immune status) |
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Term
| Is the Outcome of Interest a dependent or independent variable? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the Determinant a dependent or independent variable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were two methods of Primary Intervention Prevention put in place to reduce the BSE epidemic? |
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Definition
- banning Meat & Bone Meal (MBM) being fed to ruminants (1997)
- Removing Specified Risk Material from circulation, possibly preventing Variable Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) |
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Term
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Definition
Bovine Spongiform Ecephalopathy
- Mad Cow Disease |
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Term
| What composes the Epidemiological Triad? |
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Definition
| Host(s), Agent(s), Environment(s) |
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Term
| What dictates the impact of infection at both the individual and population levels? |
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Definition
| The interactions b/w the host, agent, and environment |
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Term
| What are some factors that differ b/w hosts? |
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Definition
| Age, gender, breed & species (phenotypic and genotypic), physiologic state |
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Term
| What are some factors that differ b/w environments? |
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Definition
| Air, water, soil, rainfall, temperature |
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Term
| What are some factors that differ b/w agents? |
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Definition
| Virulence, antimicrobial resistance, etc. |
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Term
| What are some infectious agents? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi, prions |
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Term
| What are the two transmission types of infectious diseases? |
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Definition
Horizontal (direct or indirect)
Vertical (in utero, in ovo, via milk) |
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Term
| What are the routes of horizontal transmission? |
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Definition
| Ingestion, Aerial (droplet, airborne), contact ((in)direct), Iatrogenic, Sexual, Vector |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual (or its wastes) to a susceptible individual or its food, or immediate surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
Any disease that is transmissible BETWEEN animals and humans
- NOT just from animals to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Host is invaded by microorganisms, the organisms multiply, and the host's immune system responds |
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Term
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Definition
| An infection causes clinical signs/symptoms |
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Term
| T or F: All infections cause disease |
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Definition
False
e.g. HIV doesn't necessarily cause AIDS |
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Term
| Define Sub-clinical Infection |
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Definition
| Agent infects the host, stimulates immune system, but does not cause overt disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectious agent establishes itself in the host, but the immune system is NOT stimulated to respond, thus the host is not considered "infected" (e.g. E. coli in our LI) |
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Term
| T or F: host appears sick in Sub-clinical disease, but not in colonized disease |
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Definition
| False: Neither of these diseases have hosts who display signs |
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Term
| T or F: Sub-clinically and colonized diseased patients cannot spread the infectious agent |
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Definition
| False, they both can (e.g. fecal contamination, bodily fluids, etc) |
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Term
| What are the stages of disease development? (1) |
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Definition
1. Susceptibility
2. Pre-symptomatic Disease
3. Clinical Disease
4. Disability or Recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| The time b/w exposure to a sufficient cause, and the evidence of clinical disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The time b/w exposure to a sufficient cause, and the detection of the pathologic process |
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Term
| What are the stages of disease development? (2) |
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Definition
1. Exposure to sufficient cause
2. Pathologic Process detectable
3. Clinical Disease Evident
4. Outcome (survival or productivity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs occasionally in a population (i.e. the prevalence is zero) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs at an expected level in a population within a given geographic area, at an expected level |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease occurs as new cases in a given population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that is widespread over a large area - a worldwide epidemic. Crosses international borders |
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Term
| What are the different kinds of immunity? |
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Definition
Innate immunity (non-antigen specific i.e.skin, white blood cells, stomach acid)
Acquired Immunity (passive & active)
Herd Immunity (community immunity) |
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Term
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Definition
Resistance of a group to a disease
- associated with a large proportion of non-susceptibles |
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Term
| As the number of non-susceptible indv. increase, the chance of an infectious indv. contacting a susceptible will... |
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Definition
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Term
| As the number of non-susceptibles increase, the overall herd immunity... |
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Definition
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Term
| With herd immunity, the entire population is said to be _________, while an individual may be _________. [protected/unprotected] |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the qualifiers of herd immunity? |
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Definition
1. Infectious agent needs to be restricted to ONE host species
2. Transmission needs to be relatively direct
3. Infection must induce full immunity
4. Individuals need to be randomly mixed (technically not realistic i.e. family members, classmates, friends, etc) |
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Term
| What are the levels of prevention? |
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Definition
Primary: Prevention (reducing exposure, decreasing susceptibility, increasing host resistance) e.g. nutrition, vaccines, prophylaxis
Secondary: early detection/screening
Tertiary: Psychosocial, medical, occupational, and physical rehabilitation |
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Term
| At which stage of disease (2) do we administer primary intervention? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which stage of disease (2) do we administer secondary intervention? |
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Definition
| B/w when the pathological process is detectable and evidence of clinical disease arises |
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Term
| At which stage of disease (2) do we administer tertiary intervention? |
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Definition
| After there is evidence of clinical disease |
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