Term
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Definition
| A follow-up of exposed and non-exposed gorups, with a comparison of disease rates during the time covered. Uses relative risk |
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Term
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Definition
| Works backward from effect or illness to suspected cause. also:retrospective comparison of exposures of persons with a disease with those of persons without a disease.Uses odds ratio. |
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Term
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Definition
| A study design in which cases where individuals who had an outcome event in question are collected and analyzed after the outcomes have occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of new cases of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a specified time period in a given population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of new cases of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a specified time period in a given population. |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of persons with a particular disease within a given population at a given time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of the probability of developing, in a specified period of time, an outcome among those exposed to a risk factor compared to the probability of developing the outcome if the risk factor is not present.Used in cohort study. (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d)) |
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Term
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Definition
| A study design in which one or more groups (cohorts) of individuals who have not had the outcome event in question are monitored for the number of such events which occur over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| (localized epidemic) – more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| large numbers of people over a wide geographic area affected. |
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Term
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Definition
| an aggregation of cases over a particular period esp. cancer & birth defects closely grouped in time and space regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number. (often the expected number of cases is not known.) |
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Term
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Definition
| An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. An organism that transmits the infection as a mosquito transmits the malaria protozoans |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person. A comb infested with one or more head lice would be a fomite or the dust particles containing infectious cold virus that remain after droplets of infected saliva are coughed into the air. |
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Term
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Definition
| An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. The purpose of public health surveillance is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and other health problems in a community so that we can work toward controlling and preventing them |
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Term
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Definition
1. The microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease.
2. It must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture.
3. It must reproduce the original disease when introduced into a susceptible host.
4. It must be found in the experimental host so infected |
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Term
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Definition
An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and
usually affecting a large proportion of the population |
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Term
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Definition
establish with the 4 components or standard criteria for determining
who has the disease or condition
(1) Clinical information – about the disease or condition
(2) Characteristics- of the affected people
(3) Location or place- as specific as possible as restaurant, county, or several specific areas
(4) Time sequence- specific time during which the outbreak or condition occurred |
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Term
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Definition
a histogram showing
the course of the disease or outbreak to identify the source of the exposure. Must compare number of cases to time. |
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Term
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Definition
case report = detail report of a single patient from
one or more doctors while case series = characteristics of several patients |
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Term
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Definition
correlates general characteristics of the population with
health problem frequency with several groups during the same period of time |
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Term
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Definition
correlate within the same population at different
point in time |
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Term
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Definition
a survey of a population where participants are selected
irrespective of exposure or disease status |
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Term
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Definition
| correlate relative to specific ecologic factors as diet |
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Term
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Definition
1.Host - person getting disease and factors of him
2.Agent - what caused the condition
3.Environment - where it occurred and how it related to spread of disease
4. Vector - transmitter of disease (Vectors aren't always considered part of the triad.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this to control health problems |
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Term
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Definition
| population oriented, studies community origins of health problems related to nutrition, environment, human behavior, and the psychological, social, and spiritual state of a population. The event is more aimed towards this type of epidemiology. |
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Term
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Definition
| studies patients in health care settings in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases and the prognosis for patients already affected by a disease. |
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Term
| What is needed to determine the cause/effect relationship? |
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Definition
1.Strength of association - relationship must be clear
2.Consistency - observations must be repeatable in different populations at different times
3.Temporality - the cause must precede the effect
4.Plausibility - the explanation must make sense biologically
5.Biological gradient - there must be a dose-response relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to cause disease in a host |
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Term
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Definition
| severity of disease that the agent causes to host |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate transfer of agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs through kissing, skin-to-skin contact, and sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| direct transmission by direct spray over a few feet, before droplets fall to ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| agent is carried from reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles, vectors, or vehicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate intermediaries (objects) that carry agent. aka fomite |
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Term
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Definition
| when the agent undergoes changes within the vector, and the vector serves as both an intermediate host and a mode of transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| early intervention to avoid initial exposure to agent of disease preventing the process from starting |
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Term
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Definition
| during the latent stage (when the disease has just begun), process of screening and instituting treatment may prevent progression to symptomatic disease |
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Term
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Definition
| during the symptomatic stage (when the patient shows symptoms), intervention may arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| is calculated to evaluate the possible agents & vehicles of transmission. Used in case control ad/bc |
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Term
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Definition
| Tells whether the reuslts of the study can be used. measures how confident youa re that your findings are correct. You can only trust your findings to be correct if the p-value is less than .05. Also: p-value is the probability that your sample could have been drawn fromt he populations being tested |
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Term
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Definition
| time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or adiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. Range of minutes to 30 years |
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Term
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Definition
| occur over limited, well-defined period of time. Shape of curve rises rapidly and contains definite peak followed by gradual decline |
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Term
| Continuous common source epidemic |
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Definition
| occurs when the exposure ot the source is prolonged over an extended period of time |
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Term
| Propagated (progressive source) epidemic |
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Definition
| occur when a case of diseases serve later as a source of infection for subsequent cases. shape of curve is successively larger peaks |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease that can easily be passed along from the diseased host (ex. airborne) |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes of a disease; study of the cause of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient zero; first identified case to get a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease present at the same steady rate in a country but at a regular high number of cases |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease that is passed from animal to human |
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Term
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Definition
| living thing that can indirectly pass along a disease from reservoir to host |
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Term
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Definition
| Object (nonliving) that can indirectly transmit disease from reservoir to host (ex/ comb) |
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Term
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Definition
| object that can indirectly transmit from reservoir to host (vector is living fomite nonliving) |
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Term
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Definition
| Info on number of cases and spread of a disease on a graph/histogram |
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Term
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Definition
| Data table with info on each patient |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicator of disease felt by patient |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicator of disease observed by doctor |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolation of people who have been exposed to disease to see if they get infected |
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Term
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Definition
| Separate of ill people from well people |
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Term
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Definition
| A person without symptoms who harbors an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance recognized as foreign by the body and triggers production of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Variety of proteins in blood that are produced in response to antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal version of epidemic |
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Term
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Definition
| Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic |
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Term
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Definition
| Any factor that brings a change in health condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic, single-celled disease-causing agents that lack chlorophyll and nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonmotile, filamentour organisms that can be very difficult ot cure |
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Term
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Definition
| Observational study that focuses on group level measurement, low cost to do since you can use census data. Cons: cannot assume group association is same as individual association, migration bias |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure and outcome are assessed at same time, "snapshot", cons: chicken and egg problem. Measured with prevalence |
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Term
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Definition
| Used systematic study to end cholera outbreak, father of modern epidemiology |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulished political observations made upon the bills or mortality, developed stats. Made survivorship charts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Listerosis, a bacterial infection is named after him |
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Term
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Definition
| Identified the bacterium that causes leprosy |
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Term
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Definition
| Established four criteria to identify the causative agent of a particular disease. (ways of transmission - air, contact, clothes) |
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Term
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Definition
| The first to propose a theory that these very small, unseeable particles that cause disease were alive |
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Term
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Definition
| A french chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization |
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Term
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Definition
| Brucellosis, a highly contagious bacterial disease named after him |
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Term
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Definition
| A 19th century British epidemiologist, regarded as one of the founders of medical statistics |
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Term
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Definition
| linked to discovery of malaria |
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Term
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Definition
| did studies of scurvy and vitamin C |
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Term
| Three characteristics of an agent |
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Definition
| Infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectivity in susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| Capacity to cause disease in host |
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Term
| What is Hill's Criteria of causation used for? |
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Definition
| To determine causal relationship between factor and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength of association, consistency, specificity of the association, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiemental evidence, analogy |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogen must be present in all cases
Pathoge can be isolated from host and cultured
Pathogen must cause disease when inserted into healthy specimen
Pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as original pathogen |
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Term
| Name the three components of the epidemiological triad |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three components of the chain of transmission triad |
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Definition
| Agent, vector/fomite, host |
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Term
| Three important elements of a case definition |
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Definition
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Term
| List the six elements of the chain of infection |
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Definition
| Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength of association, consistency, specificity of the association, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiemental evidence, analogy |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogen must be present in all cases
Pathoge can be isolated from host and cultured
Pathogen must cause disease when inserted into healthy specimen
Pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as original pathogen |
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Term
| Name the three components of the epidemiological triad |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three components of the chain of transmission triad |
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Definition
| Agent, vector/fomite, host |
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Term
| Three important elements of a case definition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The disease causing entity. Can be virus, bacteria, parasite, but also environmental factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organism in which the agent, if biological, lives and reproduces in, causing disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| How the agent and host are brought together, physical location, and time dependent. |
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Term
| What does the epidemiological triad represent? |
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Definition
| Agent. Host. Environment. Components needed for transmission of infectious disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection passed from mother to embryo, fetus, or baby during the course of pregnancy |
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Term
| Provide two examples of vertical transmission diseases |
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Definition
| Toxoplasmosis, rubella, HIV, chlamydia, varicella zoster, herpes simplex 2 |
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Term
| Name the classes of agents |
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Definition
| Virus, bacteria, parasite, protist, prion, chemical, physical, biological, potential allergens, intrinsic factors, foreign cells |
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Term
| Give an example of an allergen agent |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of an intrinsic factor agent |
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Definition
| Genes, congenital defect, nutrient deficiency |
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Term
| How does population growth affect zoonosis? |
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Definition
| More pressure on natural habitats, increased chance of exposure to wild animals, increased risk of zoonotic transmission. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testing how good the test is picking up actual positives. A/(A+C)*100 |
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Term
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Definition
| Testing how good the test is at determining people who don't have the disease. D/(D+B)*100 |
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Term
| Positive predictive value test |
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Definition
| Testing how accurate the positive indication is on the test. A/(A+B)*100 |
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Term
| Negative predictive value test |
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Definition
Testing how accurate the negative indication is on the test.
D/(D+C)*100 |
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