Term
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Definition
1848 -1849 cholera outbreak in London
Interviewed patients and mapped cases
identified contaminated water from the Broad Street pump as the source for the outbreak |
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Term
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Definition
| used statistical data to argue for improved conditions in British military hospitals |
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Term
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Definition
number of individuals with the disease at a given time
“snap shot” of population at one time point |
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Term
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Definition
number of new cases in a given time interval
example:
# new cases in specified time interval per 100,000 people |
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Term
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Definition
Mortality: number of individuals in the population who die from a particular cause in a given time interval
example:
deaths from disease A in specified time per 100,000 people |
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Term
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Definition
proportion of infected individuals who will be killed by the disease.
Example:
deaths from disease A in specified time
--------------per--------------
total cases of disease A in specified time |
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Term
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Definition
: disease is always present in the population
prevalence usually varies
cyclic seasonal variations are common in many
humans can act as reservoirs |
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Term
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Definition
infected individuals are not always present in the population
non-human reservoirs exist
isolated from populations in which it is endemic |
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Term
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Definition
| significant increase in prevalence of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| outbreak of more or less limited geographic extent |
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Term
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Definition
| outbreak that involves several continents, or world-wide |
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Term
| Cases of certain diseases must be reported to the CDC. Why? |
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Definition
establish long-term patterns
early recognition of potential outbreaks
possibility of quick containment |
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Term
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Definition
sources of disease organisms in the environment
Ex:
Humans, animals, Non-living Reservoirs (soil, water, food) |
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Term
| Under what circumstances can a disease be eradicated? |
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Definition
eradication may be possible for diseases with humans as the only reservoir, and if an effective vaccine is available
Examples:
smallpox (variola) - late 1970s
poliovirus - close |
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Term
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Definition
can cause disease in animals and can be transmitted to humans
control is difficult
some have no visible effect on infected animals
Trypanosomes and game animals in Africa |
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Term
| What are the two major categories of transfer mechanisms? |
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Definition
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact |
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Term
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Definition
person to person
staphylococcal infections, measles, cold viruses, influenza, STDs |
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Term
| Indirect Contact (Fomites) |
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Definition
contact contaminates an inanimate object that is contacted by an uninfected host
towels, utensils, drinking cups, money, syringes, etc |
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Term
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Definition
dust, mucus, saliva, aerosols
longer exposure to drying, UV, lack of nutrients
measles, tuberculosis, Legionella, Streptococcus, fungal spores (systemic infections)
entry by ingestion, inhalation, through cuts in skin |
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Term
| Contaminated Food and/or Water |
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Definition
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Term
| Vector Transmission: Mechanical Transmission |
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Definition
passive transport on surface of animal
Example: houseflies and fecal microbes |
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Term
| Vector Transmission: Biological Transmission |
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Definition
specific association between a particular animal and a microbe.
Most vectors are blood sucking arthropods
fleas, ticks, mosquitos, flies, lice |
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Term
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Definition
infection from contaminated, non-living source
examples: most food poisoning, food infections
less likely to become epidemic/pandemic
rapid, localized increase and rapid decline after identification and treatment of source |
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Term
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Definition
spread by contact with infected individual (direct, droplet, airborne) or by vectors
slower increase that may be less localized
greater potential to become epidemic/pandemic
more difficult to identify early and to control once it begins to spread
made worse by modern transportation systems |
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Term
| Emerging Infectious Diseases |
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Definition
| Diseases that are increasing in prevalence |
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Term
| Why are there Emerging Infectious diseases? |
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Definition
-Return of previously better controlled microbes (HIV makes new people susceptible)
.drug resistance (malaria, staph and strep)
.new pool of susceptible individuals (TB in HIV patients in US and western europe)
.breakdown in public health measures (earthquakes)
-Evolution of microbes: new species that infect humans (HIV)
-Humans interact with the surrounding environment in new ways - changes frequency and pattern of contact with microbes.
Lyme Disease: predator depletion and suburban lifestyle
changes in patterns of human habitation and hemorrhagic diseases such as ebola and hantavirus
Lifestyle Changes - Legionnaire's Disease and air-conditioning systems
Climate change - global warming and changes in vector ranges |
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