Term
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Definition
| some entity, endowed with a mental capacity far greater than the human mind can muster, created or enabled all the things in the physical world that we cannot explain through scientific methods. |
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Term
| pseudo scientific explanation for the ruins of Great Zimbabwe |
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Definition
| The myth of King Solomon’s gold mines from Milton’s imaginative Paradise Lost |
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Term
| the type of approach used to demonstrate that Zimbabwe’s native populations were descendants from the trade-oriented civilization |
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Definition
| the direct-historic approach |
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| Purpose/Primary trade of the Great Zimbabwe |
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Definition
| served as a political and economic hub of the early Shona Culture between AD 1100 and 1600, and thrived on the lucrative interregional trade of gold and other luxury items. |
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Term
| the label attached to the initial interpretations of the Great Zimbabwe |
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Definition
| “Colonialist Archaeology”because they justified the British colonialist program as “natural” and not unprecedented. |
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Term
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Definition
| advocated a diffusionist brand of archaeological interpretation in the 1920s called Kulturkreis. |
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Term
| attempted to revive an archaeologically reconstructed state religion based on solar worship and nature cults as well as meetings called “things.” |
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Definition
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Term
| taken from ancient European iconography claimed as Germanic |
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Definition
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Term
| The kind of pre-WWII archaeology performed by the Zazi's |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| African Burial Ground Era |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the unscientific interpretation of material remains and sites (whether genuine or not). |
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Term
| Define what a REAL archaeologist does. |
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Definition
1.Dedicated to preserving sites, artifacts
2.Uses scientific techniques to document evidence
3.Opposes looting and works with locals
4.Promotes public education about the past |
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Term
| Real archaeology is about ____ & ____, not ____. |
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Definition
| People,Cultures,Artifacts |
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Term
| Feder's Quickstart Guide: |
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Definition
1. Consider the source
2. Consider the Qualifications of “specialist” making claim
3. Did specialist use objective methods to arrive at findings?
4. Are other experts consulted for verification or even opinion?
5. Is this a one-of-a-kind find, or can more be discovered?
6. Is enough evidence presented for YOU to make up your own mind? |
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Term
| 6 motives for advancing a pseudo scientific theory: |
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Definition
Money
Fame
Nationalism
Religion
To add excitement/romantic twist
Craziness |
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Term
| Epistemology (a branch of Philosophy) |
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Definition
| a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| the form of empiricism (observation) that bases knowledge on perceptual experience. |
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Term
| Scientific Reasoning: Two kinds |
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Definition
Inductive: Sum of observations = conclusion
Deductive: Testing hypotheses with observations |
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Term
| Feder’s 4 Basic Principles of Science |
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Definition
1. There is a real and knowable universe
2. The universe operates according to understandable rules or laws
3. These laws are immutable (they don’t change)
4. These laws can be discerned, studied, and understood through careful observation, experimentation, and research. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Testing hypotheses with observations |
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Term
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Definition
| Sum of observations = conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible. "All other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best." |
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Term
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Definition
| all evidence must be dependent on evidence or consequences that are observable by the senses. |
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Term
| Difference between Theory and Hypothesis |
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Definition
| A theory predicts events in general terms, while a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| theoretical framework/a pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the past through its material remains. “the study of the ancient” |
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Term
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Definition
1.Form: description and classification of finds in time and space
2.Function: determine ancient uses, activities, usually from context
3.Process: Determining changes, and how and why they happened
4.Meaning: Attempting to understand ancient societies IN THEIR OWN TERMS. Determining ancient beliefs and attitudes, generalizing and looking for patterns of human behavior. Requires the reconstruction of contexts. |
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Term
| Questions for Archaeology as a historical narrative |
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Definition
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Term
| Questions for Archaeology as Anthropology. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first “History” is often attributed to _______ in _____B.C. |
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Definition
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Term
| Archaeology only began to become a discipline after the __________ Period. |
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Definition
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Term
| This class traces the development of __________ archaeology in Europe and the U.S. |
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Definition
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Term
| This person, in 1640, dates “Genesis” to October 23rd, 4004 BC. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Earth only 6,000 years old. |
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Term
| __________ first published, systematic classification system for collections of artifacts in museums, using 3 time periods:______,______, & ______. |
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Definition
Christian Thomsen
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age |
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Term
| Moundbuilder Mystery in America raged through whiat time periods? |
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Definition
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Term
Darwin’s contributions
to science: |
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Definition
Nature and change could be explained using natural causes, not supernatural causes
Natural Sciences became historical sciences
Greatly influenced anthropology by introducing notions of deep history, change as normal, and increasing complexity |
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Term
| Introduced “Comparative Method” to the study of Culture |
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Definition
| Edward Tylor and Henry Morgan |
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Term
| Morgan’s stages of Cultural Evolution |
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Definition
Savagery
Barbarism
Civilization |
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Term
| considered the “father” of American Anthropology |
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Definition
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Term
| Three Main Approachesto Twentieth Century Archaeology |
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Definition
Culture History (1900–1960s)
Processual Archaeology (1960s–1980s)
Post-processual Archaeology (1980s to present |
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Term
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Definition
Rigorous data collection in each locality
Emphasized study of changes in form, style, technology (artifacts, architecture, etc.)
What, when and where questions studied |
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Term
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Definition
Return of neo-evolutionary theory and multilinear evolution (rejection of unilinear)
Comparative, cross-cultural
How and why questions, search for origins and universal processes of culture change. |
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Term
| Post-processual Archaeology |
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Definition
Return to local historical contexts
Attempts to understand cultures in their own terms to explain forms and processes of change: Meanings and symbolism emphasized.
Rejection of universal laws of culture process |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| arrival of new peoples with different traditions |
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Term
| Established Processual Archaeology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses a single theoretical position |
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Term
| Postprocessual Archaeology |
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Definition
| uses many theoretical positions: Neo-Marxism, feminist archaeology, cognitive archaeology and contextual archaeology |
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