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Definition
| The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions |
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| Political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution |
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| Direct/Participatory Democracy |
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Definition
| A gov't in which all or most citizens participate directly |
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| A gov't in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote |
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| Persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource, like money or power |
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| Gov't is dominated by capitalists |
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| Gov't is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of the gov't |
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| Gov't is dominated by appointed officials |
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| The belief that competition among all affected interest shapes public policy |
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| A human right based on nature or God |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
| A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution |
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| A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes |
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| Proposal to create a strong national gov't |
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| Proposal to create a weak national gov't |
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| Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected senate, with two members for each state |
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Definition
| A gov't in which elected representatives make the decisions |
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Definition
| The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
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Definition
| Gov't authority shared by national and local governments |
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Definition
| Powers given to the national gov't alone |
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Definition
| Authority shared by three branches of gov't |
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Definition
| Powers given to the state gov't alone |
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Definition
| Powers shared by the national and state gov'ts |
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Definition
| Constitutional authority is shared by three different branches of gov't |
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Definition
| A group with a distinct political interest |
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| Those who favor a stronger national gov't |
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| Those who favor a weaker national gov't |
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| First ten amendments to the Constitution |
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| An order to produce an arrested person before a judge |
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| A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime |
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| A law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed |
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| A new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states |
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Definition
| An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature |
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Definition
| Gov't authority shared by national and local gov'ts |
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Definition
| The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal gov't to the states |
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Definition
| Money from the national gov't that states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington |
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Definition
| Terms set by the national gov't that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |
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Term
| "Necessary and proper" clause |
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Definition
| Section of the constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the constitutions |
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Definition
| The doctrine that a state can declared null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the constitution |
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| Doctrine holding that the national gov't is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the those spheres should be kept seperate |
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Definition
| State power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals |
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Definition
| Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot |
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Definition
| Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature |
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Definition
| Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office |
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Definition
| Money given by the national gov't to the states |
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Definition
| Federal grants for specific purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states |
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Definition
| Terms set by the national gov't that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |
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Term
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Definition
| A decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it |
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Definition
| The flow of power and money from the states to local gov't |
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Definition
| The increased role of nonprofit organizations in policy implementation |
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Definition
| A federal law or regulation that contains language explicitly displacing or superseding any contrary state or local laws |
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Definition
| A federal law or regulation that contains language conflicting with state or local laws, that cannot be effectively implemented due to such laws, or that concerns matters in which Washington possesses exclusive constitutional powers |
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Definition
| A distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out |
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Definition
| A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs |
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Definition
| A belief that one can affect gov't policies |
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Definition
| A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interest are opposed to people in other such groups |
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| A belief that morality and religious ought to be of decisive importance |
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Definition
| A belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important that religion |
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| A belief that you can take part in politics (internal efficacy), or that the gov't will respond to the citizenry(external efficacy) |
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Definition
| The ability to understand and take part in politics |
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Definition
| The willingness of the state to respond to the citizenry |
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Definition
| Denies the gov't the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property |
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| Equal Protection of the Law |
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Definition
| A standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the gov't |
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Definition
| Court cases that apply the Bill of Rights to the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Right of people to speak, publish, and assemble |
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Definition
| People shall be free to exercise their religion, and gov't may not establish and religion |
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Definition
| People shall be free to exercise their religion, and gov't may not establish and religion |
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Definition
| Censorship of a publication |
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| Clear-and-Present Danger Test |
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Definition
| Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions |
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Definition
| Writing that falsely injures another person |
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Definition
| An act that conveys a political message |
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Definition
| First Amendement requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion |
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Definition
| First Amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion." |
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Definition
| Court ruling that gov't cannot be involved with religion |
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Definition
| Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduces in a criminal trial |
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Definition
| A judge's order authorizing a search |
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Definition
| Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion |
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Definition
| An error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial |
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Definition
| The rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences |
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Definition
| Classifications of people based on their race or ethnicity |
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Definition
| A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal |
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Term
| Separate-but-Equal Doctrine |
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Definition
| The doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities |
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Definition
| Racial segregation that is required by law |
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Definition
| Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement |
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Definition
| Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment |
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Definition
| Making certain that people achieve the same result |
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Definition
| Programs designed to increase minority participation in some institutions by taking steps to appoint more minority-group members |
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| Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people |
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Definition
| Giving people an equal chance to succeed |
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| How people think or feel about particular things |
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| A survey of public opinion |
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Definition
| Method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected |
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| The difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time |
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Definition
| Polls based on interviews conducted on election day with randomly selected voters |
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Definition
| Process by which background traits influence one's political views |
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Definition
| Difference in political views between men and women |
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Definition
| A more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies gov't ought to pursue |
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| Persons with a disproportionate share of political power |
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Definition
| A standard of right or proper conduct |
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Definition
| Citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement |
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Definition
| People who are registered to vote (well duh...) |
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Definition
| A requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote |
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Definition
| A requirement that citizens pay a teax in order to register to vote |
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Term
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Definition
| A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867 |
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Definition
| The practice of keeping blacks from voting in southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation |
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Definition
| A gov't printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public |
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Definition
| People who tend to participate in all forms of politics |
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Definition
| A group that seeks to elect candidates to public office |
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Term
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Definition
| A Republican part faction of the 1890s to the 1910s, composed of reformers who opposed patronage |
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Term
| Critical/Realignment Period |
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Definition
| Periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties |
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Definition
| Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election |
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Definition
| Voting for candidates who are all of the same party |
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Term
| Office-bloc Ballot (Massachusetts ballot) |
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Definition
| A ballot listing all candidates of a given office under the name of that office |
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| Party-Column Ballot (Indiana ballot) |
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Definition
| A ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of the party |
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Definition
| A meeting of party delegates held every four years |
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Definition
| Delegates who run party affairs between national conventions |
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| Congressional Campaign Committee |
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Definition
| A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members and would-be members |
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Definition
| Day-to-day party manager elected by the national committee |
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Definition
| Party leaders and elected officials who becomes delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses |
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Definition
| A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage |
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Definition
| A party that values principled stands on issues above all else |
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Definition
| The social rewards that lead people to join political organizations |
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Definition
| A local or state political party that is largely supported by another organization in the community |
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Definition
| The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks |
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Definition
| A electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections |
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Definition
| An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections |
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Definition
| A meeting of party members to select delegates backing one or another primary candidates |
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Definition
| The person already holding an elective office |
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Definition
| The alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better known candidate, such as the president |
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| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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Definition
| A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations |
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Definition
| Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population |
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Definition
| Drawing the boundaries of legilative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party |
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Definition
| An increase in the votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection |
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Definition
| An issue about which the public is divided and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions |
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Term
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Definition
| An issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be though t to best represent those widely shared beliefs |
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Definition
| An election held to choose which candidate will hold office |
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Definition
| An election held to choose candidates for office |
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Definition
| A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members |
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Definition
| A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place |
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Definition
| A primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties |
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Definition
| A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary |
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Term
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Definition
| Spending by PACs, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them |
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Term
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Definition
| Funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get out the vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations that, under section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, raise and spend money to advance political causes |
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Definition
| Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues |
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Definition
| Voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office |
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Definition
| Nonprofit group that may legally address political matters but may not lobby or campaign; donations to it are tax deductible |
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Definition
| Nonprofit group that is permitted to lobby and campaign; donations to it are not tax deductible |
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Definition
| An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy |
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Definition
| Something of value one cannot get without joining an organization |
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Definition
| Money or things valued in monetary terms |
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Definition
| A benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle |
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Term
| Ideological Interest Groups |
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Definition
| Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions or principles |
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Definition
| A political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers |
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Definition
| A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order |
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Definition
| A signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue gits into his or her own political views on party agenda |
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Definition
| Assessments of a representative's voting record on issues important to an interest group |
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Definition
| Information leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible policy |
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Definition
| An alliance between Republicans and conservative Democrats |
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Definition
| Permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area |
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