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| Brought about CT and ultrasound: also utilized in MRI, Nuclear Medicine |
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| Today all aspects are __________digital processing. |
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| Integrating Digital Processing |
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| Radiography, Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular, MRI, and Mammo |
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| Devices that process information: |
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| Abacus 3000B.C. , calculating machines, and ENIAC(modern electronic computer, developed in 1945 at UPenn) |
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| Fourier and Boole, Solid State Electronics, Microchip Technology |
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| Analog to Digital Conversion |
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| medical imaging uses digital computers, analog info is digitized.ADC Converter |
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| Digital info made analog: |
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| Computers use two types of information: |
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| operating instructions, computer languages, and software |
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| Two symbol alphabet, Bit, Byte, Nibble |
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| Heart of the computer; directs info to and from various parts of the computer: |
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| Central Processing Unit(CPU) |
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| Information magnetically encoded can then be: |
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| Radom Access Memory:functions as temporary storage: erased when computer is turned off: |
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| Read Only Memory: contain basic operating instructions: maintained when power is turned off: |
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| CPU is the heart of computer, Bus is the: |
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| Critical to how fast the computer system can function: |
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| Bus Speed; 2GHz faster than 120MHz system. |
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| Peripherals:Input/Output devices: |
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| Disk drive, printer, keyboard, mouse, etc. |
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| Magnetic tapes and disks, optical tapes and disks, floppy disks, hard disks, CD or DVD ROM |
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| Keyboard, mouse, touch screen, and voice recognition |
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| Input Devices for Image Receptors: |
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| CR cassettes, ultrasound transducers, CT ion detectors, MRI surface coils |
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| specialized peripheral computer, parallel mathematical computations, common is CT and MRI(high speed processing and high speed calculations) |
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| A digital image is one that has been converted into numerical values for: |
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| transmission or processing |
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| Requires the use of a detector of some type: |
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| Digital Image Acquisition |
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| Digital Image Acquisition requires detector for collection of |
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| Type of Digital Image Acquisition that scans an area in sections to gather info: |
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| Type of digital image acquisition that scans an entire area at once to gather info: |
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| Image Display: Area for which info will be gathered: |
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| A square series of boxes that gives form to the image: |
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| Individual picture elements: |
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| 3D representation of a pixel |
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| Each pixel is able to represent one of the: |
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| The number of shades available to display is determined by the: |
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| Greater the bit-depth=the greater the number of: |
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| shades of gray that can be displayed. |
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| Radiologic Digital Standards: |
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| Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine: |
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| Electronic medical Record |
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| Frequency, Contrast, Noise |
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| Window level, window width, resolution, filtering. |
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| Measure of image contrast: |
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high contrast/high frequency
low contrast/low frequency |
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| Measure of differences between data values: |
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| Direct relationship: Subject contrast: |
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| Random Background information: |
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commerical systems S/N 200
high resolution systems S/N 500-1000 |
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| Noise and image qualitiy is inversely related to: |
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| Increased contrast Obscures: |
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| Density, as long as there is adequate contrast, the computer can compensate for lack of density. |
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| Each pixel assigned a numerical value: |
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| density and contrast controlled by this value. |
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| 32 shades of gray or less. |
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| Digital detectors are capable of producing: |
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| Brings density differences into visual range:Compresses or expands image densities or gray scale: |
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| pixel value(addition and subtraction) |
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| image density:direct relationship. |
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| When window level is increased: |
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| Changes in pixel value through multiplication and division: |
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| image contrast-inverse relationship |
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| Controls visibility of detail: |
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| Resolution controlling factor: |
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| Matrix-direct relationship |
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| Frequency response of the signal: |
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| Increase resolution by scanning all lines in order: |
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| Even greater detail, but not applicable in real-time studies: |
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| Mathematical alterations of image frequency: |
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| Masking indicates what __________ are altered. |
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| alters or deletes all but low frequencies. |
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| averages each pixel's value with that of adjacent pixels: |
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| Low Pass Filtering reduces image: |
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| Amplifies or deletes a specific range of frequencies: |
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| alters or deletes all but high frequencies: |
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| amplifies signals to increase contrast media appearance while suppressing other frequencies: |
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| Sharpening or edge enhancement: trade-off is an increase in image noise. |
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