Term
| 1. What are the 5 major processes of the digestive system? |
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Definition
| ingestion, motility, digestion, absorption, elimination |
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Term
| 2. What is the physical break down of food done through mastication and stomach churning? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. What is the break down of large molecules into small molecules done by specific enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. What are carbohydrates broken down into? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. What are proteins broken down into? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. What are fats broken down into? |
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Definition
| fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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Term
| 7. What are some foods that are already in their simplest forms and so do not have to be digested? |
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Definition
| vitamins, minerals, water, simple sugars (monosaccharides) |
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Term
| 8. What includes the submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus and can act autonomously to either increase or decrease motility, secretions, or sphincter tone? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. What influences the enteric nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. What branch of the autonomic nervous system decreases motility and secretions and increases sphincter tone? |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. What branch of the autonomic nervous system increases motility and secretions and decreases sphincter tone? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. What does gastrin stimulate? |
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Definition
| gastric acid secretion and gastric motility |
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Term
| 14. What would stimulate the release of gastrin? |
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Definition
| amino acids, distended stomach, or parasympathetics |
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Term
| 16. Does CCK cause the gallbladder to contract? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. What two hormones inhibit gastric emptying? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. What two hormones work together to stimulate secretion of HCO3- from the pancreas? |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. What stimulates the release of CCK? |
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Definition
| amino acids and lipids in duodenum, and low pH |
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Term
| 21. What are the two sister hormones that help regulate the digestive system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. What hormone inhibits the release of gastrin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. What stimulates the release of secretin? |
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Definition
| lipids in duodenum and low pH |
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Term
| 24. What secretes Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. What does GIP stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. What stimulates the release of GIP? |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. Where are hormones typically released? |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. Paracrines released from a cell have an effect where? |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. What are two paracrines released by the stomach? |
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Definition
| somatostatin and histamine |
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Term
| 30. Which paracrine is released due to low gastric pH and functions to inhibit gastric acid secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. Which paracrine is released due to parasympathetics and functions to stimulate gastric acid secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. What is the semi-solid mass formed by mixing food and saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. Is mastication (chewing) voluntary or involuntary? |
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Definition
| both, voluntary can override involuntary though |
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Term
| 34. Which phase of deglutition (swallowing) is voluntary? |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. What is activated by the bolus to initiate the pharyngeal phase of deglutition? |
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Definition
| the swallowing center in the medulla |
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Term
| 36. What occurs during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition? |
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Definition
| soft palate pulls up, epiglottis covers glottis, upper esophageal sphincter relaxes |
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Term
| 37. Is breathing inhibited during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition? |
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Definition
| yes - you don't want to breath in food! |
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Term
| 38. what occurs during the esophageal phase of deglutition? |
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Definition
| upper esphageal sphincter closes, bolus through esophagus, bolus passes through cardiac sphincter |
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Term
| 39. Which layers of smooth muscle are responsible for peristalsis? |
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Definition
| inner circular and outer longitudinal layers |
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Term
| 40. Which layers of smooth muscle are responsible for mixing? |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. What type of motility of the digestive tube propels contents forward? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. What type of contractions of the digestive tube are periodic and are responsible for propeling and mixing contents? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. What type of contracitons of the digestive tube maintain a constant level of tone in the smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. Are sphincters in the digestive tube normally relaxed or contracted, and what does stimulation of these cause? |
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Definition
| normally contracted (closed) stimulation causes to relax (open) |
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Term
| 45. Which esophageal sphincter is skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| upper esophageal sphincter |
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Term
| 46. Which esophageal sphincter prevents acid reflux into esophagus? |
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Definition
| lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) |
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Term
| 47. What is it called when the contents of the esophagus reflux into the pharynx or oral cavity (you know - when you throw up a little in your mouth)? |
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Definition
| laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) |
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Term
| 48. What is it called when the contents of the stomach reflux into the esophagus irritating the walls, causing heartburn or possibly an ulcer? |
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Definition
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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Term
| 49. What causes the pyloric sphincter to open so the stomach contents can empty into the duodenum? |
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Definition
| peristaltic contractions in stomach |
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Term
| 50. About how much stomach contents does each peristaltic wave cause to empty out of stomach? |
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Definition
| about 1% with each wave of contraction |
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Term
| 51. What determines how fast the stomach empties its contents? |
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Definition
| content of stomach chyme (high in carbs - faster)(high in lipids - slower) |
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Term
| 52. What stimulates gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| lots of stuff in stomach, increased fluidity of chyme, parasympathetics, and gastrin |
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Term
| 53. What is the most potent inhibitor of gastric emptying and why? |
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Definition
| lipids in duodenum (CCK and secretin released) lipids slow to digest in duodenum so, they hold off emptying for a minute or two |
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Term
| 54. What other things will inhibit gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| decreased fluidity in chyme, chyme pH < 2.0, sympathetics |
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Term
| 55. What type of movement occurs more often in the small intestine, segmentation (mixing) or peristalsis? |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. About how long does it take for chyme to move through the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. What stimulates motility in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| distention, hypertonic or hypotonic chyme, low pH in chyme, protein and enzymes that digest it |
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Term
| 58. Why do the enzymes that digest protein have to be mixed continuously in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| if not mixed, they will start to digest the small intestine |
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Term
| 59. Do the parasympathetics play a larger role in stomach motility or small intestinal motility? |
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Definition
| play a role in both but much larger role in stomach motility |
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Term
| 60. What happens to most of the chyme that enters the large intestine? |
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Definition
| 90% of volume is reabsorbed |
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Term
| 61. Mixing in the small intestine is called segmentation, what is mixing in the large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. What is the point of mixing in the large intestine (it's not digestion)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. What type of movements propel contents through the large intestine? |
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Definition
| mass movements (moving a lot at once) |
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Term
| 64. What is the initiation of mass movement due to food in stomach called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 65. What is the initiation of mass movement due to chyme in duodenum called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. About how long does it take for contents to move through the large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| 67. What stimulates the defecation reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. In the defecation reflex, what causes contraction of rectal walls and relaxation of internal anal sphincter? |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. What type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter and is it voluntary or involuntary? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle / involuntary |
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Term
| 70. What type of muscle is the external anal sphincter and is it voluntary or involuntary? |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle / voluntary |
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