Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2. What is bile made up of? |
|
Definition
| water, cholesterol, lipids, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes (HCO3-), and bile salts |
|
|
Term
| 3. What is conjugated bilirubin a waste product of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4. What do bile salts do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5. Are most bile salts reabsorbed to make more bile? |
|
Definition
| yes (reabsorbed in ileum) |
|
|
Term
| 6. What is the function of bile? |
|
Definition
| neutralize acidic chyme and emulsify fats |
|
|
Term
| 7. Why do we want to neutralize the acidic chyme? |
|
Definition
| protect duodenum and needed for certain duodenal and pancreatic enzymes to function |
|
|
Term
| 8. What does increasing the pH of chyme above 3.0 stop? |
|
Definition
| digestion of protein by pepsin (only works in acidic environment) |
|
|
Term
| 9. What stimulates the release of bile from the liver to the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10. What does the gallbladder do? |
|
Definition
| concentrates bile(removes water) and stores bile |
|
|
Term
| 11. What is the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 12. What is the break down of glycogen into glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 13. What is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 14. What is the production of lipids from glucose and amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 15. What are some functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
| stores glycogen, iron, and vitamens / removes and adds nutrients to blood / produces cholesterol / removes toxins from blood / phagocytizes RBCs / converts ammonia to urea |
|
|
Term
| 16. What organ functions in glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 17. Where are pancreatic secretions released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 18. Saliva is hypotonic, are pancreatic secretions hypo-, hyper-, or isotonic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 19. Where does the filtrate for pancreatic secretions come from? |
|
Definition
| plasma (from capillaries) |
|
|
Term
| 20. What electrolytes are found in pancreatic secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 21. What are the organic components of pancreatic secretions? |
|
Definition
| pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, proteases, and peptidases |
|
|
Term
| 22. What are the two proteases from the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen |
|
|
Term
| 23. What is the peptidase from the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 24. What converts trypsinogen into trypsin? |
|
Definition
| enterokinase (found in small intestine) |
|
|
Term
| 25. What converts chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 26. What converts procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 27. Why do the pancreatic peptidases and proteases need to be converted to trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase? |
|
Definition
| the original forms will digest the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| 28. What can be absorbed in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| water, salts, lipid-soluble drugs, and alcohol |
|
|
Term
| 29. Where does most absorption take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30. Nutrients absorbed by the capillaries in the villi will transport them in blood to _________. |
|
Definition
| liver (through hepatic portal vein) |
|
|
Term
| 31. Where do the fats that are absorbed go? |
|
Definition
| in lacteal (lymphatic system) |
|
|
Term
| 32. Why are fats absorbed into the lacteal? |
|
Definition
| fats too big to enter through capillary |
|
|
Term
| 33. Absorption of ______ and _______ occurs in the ileum. |
|
Definition
| bile salts and vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| 34. What is absorbed in the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| water, Na+, vitamin K, vitamin B complexes |
|
|
Term
| 35. How do the digested monosaccharides enter the epithelial cell on villi? |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport (cotransport with Na+) |
|
|
Term
| 36. How do the monosaccharides go from epithelial cells into blood capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 37. How do the digested amino acids and small peptides enter the epithelial cell on villi? |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport (cotransport with Na+) |
|
|
Term
| 38. How do the digested amino acids go from the epithelial cells into blood capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 39. What happens to most tripeptides and dipeptides in the epithelial cells on villi? |
|
Definition
| broken down into amino acids |
|
|
Term
| 40. How do the digested fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelial cells on villi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 41. Once inside the epithelial cell, the fatty acids and monoglycerides combine to triglycerides, then what is added to them and what do they become? |
|
Definition
| protein added / now called chylomicron |
|
|
Term
| 42. How do the chylomicrons go from the epithelial cells into lacteals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 43. Where is almost 90% of all water taken in absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 44. Where is about 10% of all water taken in absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 45. What is responsible for the absorption of water? |
|
Definition
| nutrients absorbed (water follows by osmosis) |
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