Term
| Your digestive organs are suspended within this cavity by double sheets of serosal membreane called (a) and are found in the (b) cavity (which lies within the abdominal cavity.) |
|
Definition
A) mesenteries
B) peritoneal |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 layers of a hollow organ, from deep to superficial |
|
Definition
1)mucosa
2)submucosa
3)muscularis externa
4)serosa |
|
|
Term
| The 2 main movements generated by GI smooth muscles are called: |
|
Definition
| peristalsis and segmentation |
|
|
Term
| The major digestive enzyme made by the salivary gland is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name another salivary enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the salivary glands produces the most saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of muscles line the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A side-effect of some antihistamines includes upset stomach (while other types of antihistamines are primarily used to treat acid reflux). Why might antihistamines affect the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| Histamines trigger HCl secretion form the Chief cells in the stomach, which lowers pH. A low pH is necessary for full activation of pepsin. Antihistamines there for lower stomach acid production and activation of pepsin, which can disrupt/slow digestion of food. |
|
|
Term
| What is the dental formula, by type? |
|
Definition
| incisors-2, canines-1, premolars-2, molars-3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the three phases of gastric activity, and a major hallmark of each? |
|
Definition
1) cephalic- thinking of food & salivation; stomach responds to sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
2)gastric-increases HCl secretion; food activates gastric activity, the stomach begins to secrete digestive enzymes and juices
3)inhibits gastric, promotes pancreatic/intestinal secretions;chyme reach the duodenum, intiating the process of nutrient absorption in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| The (a) sphincter regulates the movement of chyme into the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 regions of the small intestine, beginning right after the stomach: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat-laden chyme pass through the stomach at what speed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of nutrient absorption happens in the small intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brush border lies on the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, and is composed of microscopic (a)(sub-cellular structures). These structures main functions is to increase (b). The epithelial cells are, in turn arranged into fingerlike projections called (c). Inside each one of these are small blood vessels and a lymphatic ducts known as (d). |
|
Definition
a- microvilli
b- surface area
c- villi
d- lacteal |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine pancreas: Acinar cells release (a) juices that mix with the chyme exiting the stomach. The net result of this mixture is that the pH inside the duodenum is roughly (b). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine pancreas: name 3 digestive enzymes that the pancreas secretes into the duodenum |
|
Definition
| trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic nucleases, pancreatic lipases |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine pancreas: The pancreas secretes the horomone (a) into the blood when blood glucose is high, and the hormone (b) into the blood when blood glucose is low. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine pancreas: Insulin is made by ? cells in the pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hepaic triad is composed of a/an ?, ?, and ? |
|
Definition
| bilary duct, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| Blood enters the liver from these blood vessels: |
|
Definition
| hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| What do we mean by the emulsification of fat, and why is it important to the digestive process? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical breakdown of fat droplets into smaller droplets increases the surface area for better digestion of fat by lipases; Emulsification of fat is a process in which large droplets of fat are broken down into small droplets of fat (with the help of bile salts). Because fat globules are rather large and would take a long time for the lipases to break them down, emulsification makes them smaller, allowing them to be broken down by lipase at a faster rate. |
|
|
Term
| What might happen to a patient who loses liver function? (focus on the liver's main digestive functions) |
|
Definition
| The patient wouldn't be able to digest fats or fat soluble vitamins, break down toxins within the body, and decrease its ability to regulate red blood cells in the body. |
|
|
Term
| What the main function and site of production for secretin? |
|
Definition
| increases exocrine pancreatic secretions; duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What the main function and site of production for cholycystokinin? |
|
Definition
| Increases bile release; duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What the main function and site of production for gastric inhibitory peptide? |
|
Definition
| Increases insulin release; duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What the main function and site of production for vasoactive intestinal peptide? |
|
Definition
| increases blood flow to gut;duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What the main function and site of production for gastrin? |
|
Definition
| Increases stomach acid production; stomach |
|
|
Term
| What the main function and site of production for enterocrinin? |
|
Definition
| Increases mucus production; duodenum |
|
|
Term
| The ileocecal valve connects the (a) and the (b) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the anal sphincters is skeletal muscle & under conscious control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecules are absorbed in the colon? |
|
Definition
| H2O, bile salts, vitamins (K, biotin, B5) |
|
|
Term
| Describe how fat absorbed into the body--be sure to include relevant anatomy and molecular terminology. |
|
Definition
| Fat is digested in the small intestines (with the aid of bile salts from the liver/gall bladder), absorbed in the small intestines and packed up into chylomicrons which can then be absorbed by the lacteals. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between trans-fats and healthy mono-unsaturated fats? |
|
Definition
| Trans-fats contain trans carbon-carbon double bonds that cause them to stack easily on each other and increase their melting point. Mono-unsaturated fats have cis carbon-carbon double bonds that cause them to be more kinked and lest stackable, keeping them at a lower melting point. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? |
|
Definition
| Saturated fats have no carbon-carbon double bonds (thus they are completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.) They stack very densely on top of each other, and they have higher melting points than unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats have at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond in their chain. |
|
|
Term
| Why are trans-fats unhealthy? |
|
Definition
| Trans-fats can easily stack on top of each other because of their trans carbon-carbon double bonds. This increases their melting point and causes them to be solid at room temperature and in the body. Because they are mostly solid in the body, they can easily create blockages in the blood vessels that can lead to atherosclerosis. |
|
|
Term
| Why are omega-3 fatty acids (or other mono-unsaturated fatty acids) considered healthy? |
|
Definition
| Omega-3 fatty acids can not be synthesized in the body and are essential. They can also help reduce triglyceride levels in the blood. Mono-unsaturated fats also reamain liquid at body temperature, and can reduce artherosclerosis. |
|
|
Term
| How many Carbon atoms are in Pyruvate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbon atoms are in Acetate (acetyl-CoA)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between good fats and HDL's? |
|
Definition
| Good fats are larger molecules that we eat that are also hydrophobic. HDLs are good cholesterol; they are also macromolecules in the body that high density lipoproteins that consists of tiny droplets of fat coated with proteins and phospholipids. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 differences between HDLs and LDLs. |
|
Definition
HDL (high density lipoproteins) contain more protein than fat and are sent from the peripheral tissue/target organs to the liver.
LDL (low density lipoproteins) conatin more fat than protein and are sent from the liver to the peripheral tissues. |
|
|
Term
| When the nitrogen atom is removed from amino-acids, this usually produces the poisonous molecule (a) which must then be converted into (b) in the liver, which can be excreted in urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of N's from amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making new glycogen molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Making new glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking down glycogen to form glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Making new lipid molecules |
|
|
Term
| How can excess dietary protein be converted into fat? |
|
Definition
| Excess protein can be deaminated (amino acid is broken down) and converted to keto acids. The keto acids are then converted into glycerol and free fatty acids to form trigylcerides. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the body when Insulin is released into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Glucose is removed from the bloodstream, and is absorbed by most cells in the body. It is either used or stored as a type of macromolecule. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to adipocytes when insulin is released in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Absorbs glucose, turns it into triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What happens to muscle fibers when insuling is released in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Absorbs glucose (and amino acids), converts it into glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What happens to liver cells when insulin is released in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Absorbs glucose, converts it into glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the CNS neurons when insulin is released in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| No change to glucose usage, may inhibit appetite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B-islet cells of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| When does the pancreas release Insulin into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Whe blood glucose levels are high/elevated |
|
|
Term
| Type I Diabetes is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I diabetes is Insulin dependent or Insulin resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood glucose levels in Type I Diabetes is usually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Insulin levels in Type I Diabetes is usually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of insulin receptors in Type I Diabetes is usually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type II Diabetes is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type II Diabetes is insulin-dependent or insulin-resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood glucose levels on type II diabetics is usually.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood insulin levels in type II diabetics is usually .. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of insulin recpetors in type II diabetics is usually... |
|
Definition
|
|
