many important fluids from both accessory organs and lining of alimentary canal (ie saliva, stomach acid, enzymes, alkaline bicarbonate, bile, mucus)

Solutes: ions (Na, K, Cl, bicarb); organic molecules (hormones, urea, antibodies, mucus); enzymes (salivary amylase, lingual lipase, lysozyme)

WATER --> 99.5% the solvent, carrier of solute

secreted by parotid and submandibular salivary glands,

begins breakdown of starch

functions mainly in mouth

can function in stomach for up to 1hr

eventually deactivated/digested by stomach acid

secreted by minor salivary glands of tongue

activated by stomach acid

breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerids

1. mix contents

2. reservoir

3. secrete gastric juices

4. digest

5. secrete gastrin

mixes bolus with gasric juices to form "chyme" (term for liquid contents in stomach) 

chyme will travel from stomach to small intestine "mixing waves" (churning of stomach ie mechanical digestion)

distention of the stomach, partially digested proteins and high pH of systemic chyme

secreted by G cells and promotes the secretion of gastric juice

CCK (stimulation)

Cholecystokinin

Chief cells 

secretes 2 things

1% of cells are pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)

secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) into blood which help control sugar/macronutrient metabolism

1. sodium bicarbonate

2. carbohydrate digesting enzyme

3.protein digesting enzyme

4. lipid-digesting enzyme

5. nucleic acid digesting enzyme

ALWAYS HAVE A PERCURSOR (NON ACTIVE) from which gets activated in lumen

-includes trypsin, chymotripsin, caboxypeptidase, elastase

1. carbohydrate metabolism

2. lipid metabolism

3. protein metabolism

4. processing of drugs and hormones

5. excretion of bilirubin

6. synthesis of bile salts

7. storage

8. phagocytosis

9. activate vitamin D

aids in maintaining blood sugar levels by various mechanisms:

-breakdown of glycogen (stored carbs) into glucose

-conver AA and lact. acid into glucose

-convert fructose/galactose into glucose

-convert glucose into glycogen and triglycerides for storage

-stores triglycerides

-metabolizes fatty acids to form ATP

-synthesize lipoproteins for fat/cholesterol transport

-synthesize cholesterol (Which makes bile salts and steroid hormones)

-deamination (removal of an amino group) from AA

-allows rest of amino acid to be used for other functions such as ATP production , conversion to storage forms (fat/glycogen)

-NH2 (ammonia) is converted by liver into urea and excreted in urin

-synthesis of plasma proteins (ie albumin)

detoxification of alcohol/drugs/toxins

processing and detox of endogenous waste products (hormones, inflammatory mediators etc)

glucose (in form of glycogen)

fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

storage of B12

storage of minerals (iron copper)

phagocytosis in the liver

(what cells engulf what?)

vit D produced in skin

liver and kidneys activate it

digestive function

excretory function

Absorption of carbohydrates in the small intest.

absorbed as amino acids/dipeptides/tripeptids

-di/tri further digested by enzymes in epithelial cells called "brush border enzymes"

absorbed as short/long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides 

fatty acids/monoglycerides are carried by "micelle" (shuttle bus) to absorptive cell and empty contents into absorptive cell

fat soluble (a, d, k, e) simple diffusion travelling within micelles

-water soluble vits are absorbed across cell membranes

-B12 intrinsic factor from parietal cells needed to absorb B12

-mechanical digestion

-chemical digestion

-absorption and feces formation

-defecation

mechanical digestion (specific to lg intest)

-when haustra are streteched the flex will squeeze/push contents to next haustra

-a method of squeezing out water and forming more solid feces 

-form of peristalsis

-slow mov't of content through lg intestine

specific to large intestine, stron peristalctic wave move contents from transverse colon to recutm

-occurs during/after meal due to stomach stretching (called gastrocolic reflex)

90% in small intestines

9% in large intestines

last 1% excreted in feces

what forms feces

chyme from small intestine into large intestine; approx 3-10 hr transit time through large intestine

composed of fiber, bacteria, waste and water

voluntarily controlled therefore conscious control of defecation

if defecation doesn't occur contents will go back to sigmoid colon until mass peristalsis

energy currency of living cells allowing metabolic processes to occur, captures energy as usable form,

substrate level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

photophosphorylation

general term for the addition of a phosphate ion to another molecule

ADP + P + energy= ATP

photophosphorylation/

photosynthesis

1. glycolysis

2. formation of acetyl coA

3. Krebs cycle

4. Electron transport chain

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

-in liver, enzyme can remove phosphate from glucose 6 phosphate so glucose can be released into blood (phosphatase enzyme) but there is no phosphotase enzyme in skeletal mm so G6P used directly by mm and can't release it into blood

formation of glucose from certain substrates

-glycerol (from fats)

-certain amino acides

-lactic acid 

particles which carry lipids throughout the body 

consist of protein, phospholipid, cholesterol from outer shell

approx 10% protein

made in liver and contains fats produced by liver

transport fats made by body to adipocytes (storage) or muscle cells (atp production)

as VLDLs deliver fats they become LDLs

contain 25 protein and 75% blood cholesterol and deliver it to cells (tissue repair, steroids, bile salts)

when there is excessive LDL it will be desposited in artery walls

dietary 20%

endogenous 80% produced by liver

hepatocytes use saturated fats to procude more cholesterol

high fat diet increases reabsorption of bile salts therefore cholesterol lost in feces