Term
| tasks of the digestive system |
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Definition
| mechanical processing, secretion, digestion, absorption, elimination. |
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Term
| what types of things would the digestive secrete? |
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Definition
| enzymes into tube where digestion occurs |
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Term
| what are the two types of digestive systems? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of a digestive cavity does an incomplete digestive system have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in an incomplete digestive system, food enters and exits through... |
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Definition
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Term
| the complete digestive system has a tube that |
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Definition
| has an opening at each end |
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Term
| in a complete digestive system, food enters through the (blank) and exits through the (blank) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how long is the human digestive system? |
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Definition
| 6.5 to 9 meters 21-30 feet |
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Term
| the surfaces of the digestive system are lined with what type of tissue? |
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Definition
| mucus secreting epithelium |
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Term
| what are the seven major components of the digestive system: |
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Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
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Term
| the four major tasks of the mouth are: |
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Definition
| entrance, food moistening, chewing, polysaccaride digestion |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the pharynx? |
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Definition
| entrance to tubular portion of digestive system |
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Term
| major task of the esophagus |
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Definition
| moves food from pharynx to stomach |
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Term
| major tasks of the stomach |
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Definition
| storage and digestion of proteins |
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Term
| major tasks of the small intestine |
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Definition
| further digestion and absorption, undigested material passed to the large intestine |
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Term
| tasks of the large intestine |
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Definition
| storage of undigested material, absorption of minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated for expulsion of feces |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal opening where feces are expelled. |
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Term
| what are the four accessory organs of the digestive system? |
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Definition
| salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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Term
| how many parts is the small intestine broken into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do the salivary glands do? |
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Definition
| secrete saliva for polysaccaride digestion, and contributes to moistening function of the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes bile for emulsifying fat, also has roles in metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins |
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Term
| what does the gallbladder do? |
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Definition
| stores and concentrates bile secreted by liver |
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Term
| what does the pancreas do? |
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Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes, HCL buffers, insulin |
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Term
| how many teeth do normal adults have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the three parts of the tooth? |
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Definition
| enamel, dentin and inner pulp |
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Term
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Definition
| protective coat of hardened calcium deposits |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| nercous tissue and blood vessels |
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Term
| what are the three different kinds of teeth? |
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Definition
| incisors, canines and molars/premolars |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| premolars and molars are used for |
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Definition
| grinding and crushing food |
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Term
| the tongue is what kind of muscle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| positioning of food, swallowing, and speech |
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Term
| the surface of the tongue contains |
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Definition
| sensory receptors for taste |
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Term
| salivary glands are located... |
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Definition
| in the back of mouth and under the tongue |
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Term
| what is the enzyme present in saliva and what material does it digest? |
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Definition
| salivary amylase and it breaks down starch |
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Term
| what type of buffer does saliva produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the purpose of bicarbonate in the saliva? |
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Definition
| helps maintain mouths' pH when eating acidic foods |
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Term
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Definition
| bind food into moist softened ball |
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Term
| what is the softened ball called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is type of movement is swallowing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the first action that takes place when swallowing? |
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Definition
| the tongue forces food onto pharynx |
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Term
| what closes off when swallowing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what closes off the trachea? |
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Definition
| epiglottis and vocal cords |
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Term
| what must cease while swallowing? |
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Definition
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Term
| the bolus moves from the esophagus through the |
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Definition
| esophageal sphincter into stomach |
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Term
| what is the stomach shaped like? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| three major functions of the stomach |
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Definition
| mixes and stores ingested food, dissolves and degrades food (protein), controls passage of food to small intestine. |
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Term
| what does the stomach have at each end? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| ring of smooth muscle which, upon contraction, close off passageways or tubes |
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Term
| what covers smooth muscle layers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the inner most layer that faces the lumen made of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| inner most layerof epithelium and underlying connective tissue |
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Term
| how much gastric juices are secreted into the lumen per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| gastric fluids break food down into a thick liquid mixture called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the four gastric fluids secreted by the stomach? |
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Definition
| hydrochloric acid, mucus, pepsinogen, and gastrin |
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Term
| what role does hydrochloric acid play in the stomach |
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Definition
| exposes peptide bonds of proteins for degradation |
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Term
| what is the purpose of mucus in the stomach? |
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Definition
| protective, helps prevent ulcers |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive form of protein digesting enzyme, pepsin |
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Term
| when does pepsinogen converted to pepsin? |
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Definition
| when HCl lowers stomach pH , pepsin breaks down bonds, proteins into fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that stimulates cells in lining that secrete HCl and pepsinogen |
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Term
| stomach empties by waves of contractions called.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the purpose of peristalsis |
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Definition
| waves mix chyme and gather force as they approach pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| what is the sphincter between the stomach and the small intestine called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how much chyme passes to the small intestine at one time? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what affects the rate of stomach emptying? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the three regions of the small intestine called? |
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Definition
| duodenum, jejunum, illeum |
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Term
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Definition
| recieves secretions from gall bladder, liver and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| where most nutrients are digested and absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| some nutrients digested and absorbed, delivers undigested materials to large intestine |
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Term
| what are the three intestinal secretions? |
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Definition
| disaccarides, peptidases, nucleases |
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Term
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Definition
| digest disaccharides to monosaccarides |
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Term
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Definition
| break protein fragments down to free amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| digest nucleotides down to nucleic acid and monosaccarides |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| bile is stored in the (blank), then secreted into the (blank) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| it emulsifies fats (breaks them into smaller droplets) |
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Term
| what is the purpose of breaking fat into smaller droplets |
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Definition
| provides more surface area for fat-digesting enzymes to work with, thus break triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides faster |
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Term
| where does absorption mainly occur in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| the jejunmum and the ileum |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the projection into the intestinal lumen? |
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Definition
| increases surface area available for ansorption |
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Term
| each projection in the small intestine has several, even smaller projections called... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| is the villus vascularized? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| does the villus have a lymph vessel? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why is vascularization and a lymph vessel important to the villus? |
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Definition
| works together to move substances to and from general circulation |
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Term
| each villus can have many thread like projections called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| carbohydrates and protein are broken down by enzymes into |
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Definition
| monosaccarides and amino acids |
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Term
| how are monosaccarides and amino acides moved to the internal environment? |
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Definition
| they are actively transported across the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, then from cell to internal environment |
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|
Term
| how do glucose an damino acids enter the blood stream? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the constant movement of the intestine wall help fat absorption? |
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Definition
| breaks fat globules into smaller droplets |
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Term
| fat droplets mix with bile salts to form |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes break emulsion droplets into |
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Definition
| free fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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Term
|
Definition
| fat digestion products and phospholipids combine with bile salts |
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Term
| why do monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse across membrane of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| increased concentrations of monoglycerides and fatty acids in micelles enhance concentration gradient |
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Term
| triglycerides are reassembled and are covered with protein to form |
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Definition
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|
Term
| chylomicrons are expelled by epithelial cells into the internal environment via |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the large intestine do? |
|
Definition
| concentrates and stores feces |
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|
Term
| what causes water to flow out of the large intestine |
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Definition
| sodium ions are actively transported out of the lumen (concentration gradient) |
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Term
| slow movements of material inside large intestine facillitates the growth of |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria in the large intestine is harmless unless |
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Definition
| it escapes into the abdominal cavity |
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Term
| what do some bacteria produce, which is then absorbed by the intestinal wall? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lining of the L. intestine secrete to buffer fermentation of bacteria |
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Definition
|
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Term
| upon entering the colon, material first enters the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the direction of movement around the intestine |
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Definition
| ascends on right, extends across body, and descends on the left side |
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Term
| where is the feces stored until it can be expelled through the anus |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| appendix blocked, can cause inflammation. |
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Term
| why is it a big deal if the appendix ruptures |
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Definition
| it contains bacteria which may enter the abdominal cavity and cause life threatening internal infections |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| constipation can be caused by |
|
Definition
| aging, emotional stress, low bulk diet, injury, disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic defect or low fiber diet |
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Term
| what is now different about the food pyramid? |
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Definition
| its based on sex, age, daily activities and includes exercise |
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Term
| what is the bodies main energy source |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| foods high in complex carbohydrates are usually high in |
|
Definition
| fiber (promotes colon health) |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber as well as minerals and vitamins |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you get all fatty acids from your body? |
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Definition
| no some must come from food |
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Term
|
Definition
| raise cholesterol and contribute to heart disease |
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Term
| how many proteins can the body not build without food? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| animal proteins are complete in that they |
|
Definition
| supply all essential amino acids |
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|
Term
| plant proteins are incomplete so they must be |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| vitamins are synthesized by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many essential vitamins are there for humans |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| excess fat soluble vitamins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| excess fat insoluble vitamins |
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Definition
| are expelled through urine |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| B1, B2, B6, panthothenic acid, folic acid, B12, Biotin and C |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| minerals are mostly acquired by |
|
Definition
| a balanced diet of whole foods |
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|
Term
| what are the 12 essential minerals for humans |
|
Definition
| calcium, chloride, copper, fluorine, iodine, Iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur and zinc |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| weight times 700 divided by height (in inches) squared |
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|
Term
| what two things must you do to lower your BMI |
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Definition
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