Term
| Define Science, the scientific method, hypothesis, theory, law |
|
Definition
Scientific method-a verifiable method of determining mechanism in natural systems.
Science-A way of knowing about the natural world by establishing facts, theories, and laws through the use of repeatable observation and verifiable experiments.
Hypothesis-a testable suggested explanation of a natural mechanism or interaction
Theory-a formal scientific statement about natural mechanisms that is supported by many facets verified by many repeatable observations and experiments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.A process by which living open systems maintain themselves in a dynamic steady state. 2. Open system-Both energy and matter are exchanged. 3. Energy in + Matter in=Energy out + Matter out, external sensor, internal sensor, control unit (brain) effector unit (muscles)(negative feedback loop-shut off loop), Internal environment, external enviroment. |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of both animate (living) and inanimate examples of systems which are capable of homeostasis What specific structures or mechanisms serve the functions listed in question 4? |
|
Definition
| Inanimate example- the house Animate example would be cold blooded and warm blooded animals. |
|
|
Term
| What is a negative feedback loop? What is it's significance to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Negative feedback loop-slow or stop original reaction to change once balance is achieved.-Significance to homeostasis would be-it turns off original response to potentially damaging internal changes once the internal changes have been corrected or balanced |
|
|
Term
| What do the terms "cold blooded" and "warm blooded" really mean? Give serveral examples of each. Are cold blooded animals homeostatic with respect to other physiological functions such as body temperature? How do they keep their body temperature within liveable limits? Are they homeostatic with respect to other physiological functions such as body weight, red blood cell numbers, blood sugar( glucose) levels, reproductive capabilities |
|
Definition
| Cold blooded animals-their body temp is controlled by environment. Warm blooded- maintain a constant body temp regardless of environment. Ex of cold blooded animals would be snakes, turtles, reptiles. warm blooded would be humans, dolphins, whales. Cold blooded animals are not homeostatic they use the sun to keep warm and water to stay cool. Physiological functions homeostatic in cold blooded animals-no because they still need the sun to move or be be able to eat, reproduce, maintain weight. |
|
|
Term
| What must continually be exchanged with the environment of an open system in order to unsure its maintenance in a dynamic, steady state ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the first and second laws of Thermodynamics? What do they mean? What is their significance to Earth as a whole? |
|
Definition
| 1st law of thermodynamics-a law of thermodynamics that states that the total amount of energy in the universe remains forever constant. 2nd law of thermodynamics- a law of thermodynamics that states that all energy conversions will result in some heat production; this law requires a constant new supply of energy for homeostatic open systems. |
|
|
Term
| Do plants, and cold blooded animals release heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are isolated systems, closed systems and open systems? |
|
Definition
| Isolated system-type of system that exchanges neither matter or energy with it's environment.-Closed system-system that exchanges energy but not matter with it's environment.-Open system- system that exchanges both energy and matter with it's environment. |
|
|
Term
| What is metabolism? Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give examples of each. What is photosynthesis? What is respiration? |
|
Definition
| Metabolism- All chemical and physical activities of the body; always produce heat as a byproduct in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. - require nutrients from other sources examples;humans. -Autotrophs- produce their own energy examples; plants, trees, anything green. -Photosynthesis- building of energy rich organic molecules with the release of oxygen, energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, minerals and water. |
|
|
Term
| List several examples of metabolic work. Where does the energy for this work come from..ultimately and directly? Is all of the energy taken in as food available for metabolic work? Explain |
|
Definition
| Metabolic work examples: digestion/absorption, synthesis/ replacement, muscle contraction, thermoregulation, biological light (lightning bugs), biological energy(electric eel), thinking |
|
|
Term
| What are the average amounts of energy in each of the major foodstuffs in kcal/gm? |
|
Definition
| Carbs 4 cal/gm -proteins-5 cal/gm - fats-butter/oil 9cal/gm |
|
|
Term
| What are the main food sources for each of the following foodstuffs? |
|
Definition
Carbs- sugar cane, beets, honey, fruits, grains (wheat, barley, oats)
Protiens- meat, fish, pork, fowl, egg whites, beans
Fats- plant oils, animal fats, egg yolks,
Nucleic acids- all animal, fungal. Used in the body? Carbs- used for glucose-energy currency ( immediately available) Glycogen - animal starch, energy checking account- short term storage. - Protiens- muscle for the skin, hair, eyes, nails, a catalyst- move from A to B internal and external cell membrane. - fats- Long term storage, certificate of deposit, difficult to remove makes up cell membrane. - Nucleic acid- chromosomes and genes |
|
|
Term
| Chapt 2- What is the importance of chewing ( masticating) your food? Other Functions? |
|
Definition
| Increasing surface areas of food, also to put more moisture into the food, speech. |
|
|
Term
| How much saliva is produced per day on average? What is PH? Of what significance is pH anyway? |
|
Definition
| We produce 1.5 liters of saliva per day, it's pH is 7 |
|
|
Term
| List 3 digestive and 3 non-digestive functions of saliva |
|
Definition
| 3 digestive functions- Water, amylase, mucus- 3 non-digestive functions- muscle lining squeezes food. |
|
|
Term
| List 3 digestive functions of the stomach |
|
Definition
| 3 digestive functions of the stomach- Storage, absorption, mechanical functions- muscle lining squeezes food. |
|
|
Term
| what features of the stomach permit its function as a storage organ? What features facilitate mechanical breakdown of food? |
|
Definition
| Enlargement of the stomcah allows discontinuous feeding- mechanical process- stomach can squeeze, makes things smaller, ^ SA/mash ratio |
|
|
Term
| What three types of cells produce the gastric juices? Specifically, what does each cell type produce, and what are the individual effects of each product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are proteases secreted in inactive form? How is the stomach protease activated? What protects the stomach lining from being attacked by its own enzymes and acid? What is the pH of the stomach contents? Why must this acidic condition exist in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| The stomach is lined with a protective mucus as a barrier to pepsin. As it's being excreted and before it meets the stomach mucus, it's in the inactive form pepsinogen, which is activated where the mucus is, in the low pH stomach lumen. The Stomach is protected by the mucus. The pH level of the stomach contents is? This acidic condition must exist because it breaks down minerals and kills certain bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| what valve-like muscle controls the passage of acid chyme into the duodenum? How is the opening and closing of the valve controlled? |
|
Definition
| The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of acid chyme. It is controlled by hormones and the neurally. It responds to acid stimulus it is a reflex and automatically done |
|
|
Term
| What substances are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine? What are their functions? How are protease activated? |
|
Definition
| the substances secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine are Alkaline salts (bases)-lipase breaks down fats and enzymes- Amylases- break down carbs- nucleases- nucleotides- proteases- protiens and amino acids- Proteases are activated by trypsinogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the related functions of the liver and gall bladder? What substances are produced? Where are they produced? Where are they stored? What are their functions? Where are those functions preformed? |
|
Definition
The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder until the small intestine needs it to break up large fat particles.
So basically the liver produces bile which breaks up large fat particles.
The gallbladder stores the bile until it's needed for digestion. So the gall bladder stores bile. |
|
|
Term
| List four non-digestive functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Decomposition- of old red blood cells, bile pigments, biliruben broken down by bacteria. _ Detoxification- of poisons, removes poisons from blood and store them, then alcohol which causes damage to the liver ( serosis) also Changes a poison into a less toxic form. - Synthesis- plasma proteins (including blood clots) - Storage- glycogen, short term storage of energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major digestive functions of the small intestine? List 4 physical attributes of the small intestine that contribute to the efficiency of preforming these functions by increasing the surface area available? |
|
Definition
| 1-secreations- secretes proteases to break down proteins into amino acids, Amylases which break down carbs into smaller sugars, Trypsinogen activating enzymes - Absorbtion- Passive transportion, which is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration. - active transportation movement of a substance from a low concentration to a high concentration such as sugars, amino acids and fats.- Adaptions- High Surface area for secretion and absorption (20 ft in length) |
|
|
Term
| What secretions are produced by the small intestine itself? What are their functions? |
|
Definition
| The secreations produces - a. Endocrine Funtions, secretin~stimulates pancreas, , pancreatic juices.-enterogastrone-inhibits stomach digestion(contracting &secreting) -Cholecystokinin- Stimualtes Gall Bladder, Bile secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major functions of the large intestine? What is the major substance secreted into the large intestine? What is it's function? What substances are absorbed from the large intestine? Where do these substances largely originate from? |
|
Definition
| 1. Re absorption of water from digestive juices ( saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile) 2. Secretion- Produces mucus ( lubrication) 3. Storage~feces and also bacteria. 4. Sybiosis- the friendly bacteria. ( A. fecal bacteria B. produces- vitamin K and some B vitimans C. antibiotics will kill or reduce bacteria won't absorb Vitamin K |
|
|
Term
| What is Symbiosis? Of what importance is it to us in studying the digestive system |
|
Definition
It is when multiple organisms interact in a benificial way.
When nitrogen fixing bacteria live on plant roots, the bacteria get a place to live and the plants get nitrogen made by the bacteria~ It is important ymbiosis is a close, prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each member. Symbiosis is important because it helps organisms survive. |
|
|
Term
| How do the differences in the "communication system" involved influence the speed and duration of the effects of the nervious system and teh endocrine system on their respective "target organs"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fundamental unit of structure of which all matter is comprised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acronym for a chemical that continually recycles within the cell and collects useful energy and makes it available for metabolic work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large area characterized by broad ranges of climate, soil type, and organisms (e.g. grassland, dessert, deciduous forest, coniferous forest) . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin veneer of life on earth; all life on earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit of energy used in biology to compare the relative amounts of energy in various foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Fundamental unit of life from which all organisms are constructed; subdivision of this unit are not capable of independent life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of system that exchanges energy but not matter with it's environment( E.G. Earth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, fungi, and animals that must their nutrients for respiration from other sources since they are incapable if manufacturing it themselves i.e. heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The healthy ( steady 0 state in which continual energy use and material cycling at a cellular and molecular level keep the over all system constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A portion of a biome characterized by the smaller ranges of climate, soil type, and organisms (e.g. hickory forest, beech maple forest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of a homeostatic open system that brings about a change in response to a message from a control unit |
|
|
Term
| First law ~Conservation of Energy |
|
Definition
| A law of thermodynamics that states that the total amount of energy in the universe remains forever constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average number of calories per gram of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average number of calories per gram of carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large group of stars and solar systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A simple sugar (carb) found in fruits, starchy foods, and used as the direct energy source of body cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal starch polymer of glucose stored mostly in muscle and liver tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process by which living open systems maintain themselves om a dynamic steady state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A testable suggested explanation of a natural mechanism or interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with it's environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively small fatty acid and steroid molecules used in cell membranes and long term energy storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All Chemical and physical activities of the body always produce heat as a byproduct in accordance with the the second law of thermodynamics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A homeostatic mechanism which turns off an original response to potentially damaging internal changes once the internal changes have been corrected or balanced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average calories per gram of lipid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of system that exchanges both energy and matter with its environment (e.g. ecosystem, furnace, cell, car motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system comprised of several tissues, working together to preform a major bodily function (e.g. digestion, and absorption) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of a cell consisting of many molecules and having s a specific function like the stomach lung or brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Component of a cell consisting of many molecules and having a specific function like~ nucleus, mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The building of energy rich organic molecules with the release of oxygen by green plants, algae, and green bacteria using energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, minerals and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long chain molecule made up of many smaller molecules of the same type. Proteins are longs chains of amino acids. Polysaccharides are long chains of sugars and nucleic acids. DNA & RNA are long chains of nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A local group of organisms all belonging to the same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green plants and algae which photosynthesize creating food for themselves and herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymer of amino acids containing nitrogen and sulfur, comprise cell membraines, enzymes muscle fibers and hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of a homeostatic open system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular breakdown of energy rich organic compounds requiring oxygen and yielding carbon dioxide, water, minerals and heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A way of knowing about the natural world by establishing facts. theories, and laws through the use of repeatable observations and verifiable experiments |
|
|
Term
| Second law` Degradation of energy |
|
Definition
| A law of thermodynamics which states that all energy conversions will result in some heat production. this law requires a constant new supply of of energy for homeostatic open systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A particular type of organism (e.g. red maple, sugar maple, silver maple) only able to breed with other members of the same type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A formal scientific statement about natural mechanisms that is supported by many facts verified by many repeatable observation and experiments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of axxociated cells of one type that perform a specific function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An isolated system containing all energy and matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of molecules required in small amounts to aid the activity enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy requiring ( work) movement of ions or molecules from regions of low concentration "up hill" into regions of high concentration of those substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of starch digesting enzymes examples of which are found in the saliva, pancreatic juice, and small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When in the large intestine~ sybiotic organisms contributing certain B vitamins and vitamin K in return for "room and board" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone released from small intestine in response to products of fat digestion and causes the release of bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the random dispersal of Ions (charged atoms) and molecules (due thermal vibration) from regions of high concentration into regions of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inactive protease from the pancreas activated in the small intestine by trypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone released from the small intestine in response to the fat and causes the inhibition of stomach activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins catalyzing all reactions in all living cells and in digestive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average number of calories per gram of carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average number of calories per gram of carb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ which stores and releases bile salts and pigments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone released by the stomach in response to the products of protein digestion which stimulates further stomach activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple carbohydrate found in fruits and starchy foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal starch stored mostly in muscle and liver tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of acid secreted by the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ which reabsorbs water and stores feces and symbiotic bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of fat digesting enzymes examples of which are produced in a gastric juice and pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively small fatty acid and steroid molecules used in the cell membranes and long term energy storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ which produces plasma proteins, detoxifies poisons, breaks down red blood cells, and produces bile salts and pigments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average calorie per gram of lipid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme only which secreted in pancreatic juices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the diffusion of ions and molecules through a permeable membrane ( one with holes large enough to permit the passage of the atoms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ which secretes alkaline salts and all major classes of digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random movement of ions or molecules from regions of high concentration "down hill" into regions of low concentration of those substances without the expenditure of metabolic work /energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An active protease in the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymer of amino acids containing nitrogen and sulfer comprise all cell membranes enzymes muscles fibers hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a muscular valve which regulates the passage of material from the stomach into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone produced by the small intestine in response to acid which causes the release of pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH of all gut contents except stomach, of the blood and most body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ which absorbs most nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organ which secretes hydrochloric acid, mucus, pepsinogen and a lipase |
|
|
Term
| Trypsinogen Activating Enzyme |
|
Definition
| Enzyme in small intestine which activates trypsinogen coming from the pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive pancreatic protease which is activated in the small intetesine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variety of molecules required in small amounts to aid the activity of enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Which of the digestive glands is controlled entirely by reflexes of the nervous system. |
|
Definition
| Pyloric Sphirctor, cardiac sphincter |
|
|
Term
| List the source, stimulus, target organ, and effect for each of the following hormones: gastrin, enterogastrone, sectretin, cholecystokinin. |
|
Definition
| Gastrin-A hormone released by the stomach in response to the products of protein digestion which stimulates further stomach activities Enterogastrone-Hormone released from the small intestine in response to the fat and causes the inhibition of stomach activity Secretin-A hormone produced by the small intestine in response to acid which causes the release of pancreatic juice Cholecystokinin-Hormone released from small intestine in response to products of fat disgestion and causes the release of bile. |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between hunger and appetite. Where are the Feeding Center and the Satiety Center located? How is each controlled? Which controls the other? How is that center controlled in turn? |
|
Definition
| Feeding Center & Satiety Center are located in the brain. Are controlled when you eat or are full |
|
|
