Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

Example: Dyspepsia – Difficult or painful digestion, often referred to as indigestion, characterized by symptoms like bloating, nausea, or heartburn

endo-: Within, in Example: Endogastric – A term referring to something occurring within the stomach, such as an endogastric procedure that involves accessing the interior of the stomach for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

hemi-: Half Example: Hemigastrectomy – Surgical removal of half of the stomach, typically performed to treat severe ulcers or stomach cancer.

• Excessive or above normal Example: Hypergastrinemia – A condition involving excessive levels of gastrin (a digestive hormone) in the blood, which can lead to overproduction of stomach acid and conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Gall, bile Example: Cholecystitis – Inflammation of the gallbladder, commonly caused by gallstones blocking the bile ducts.

BMI = Body Mass Index

A measurement of body fat based on height and weight, used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).

Failure to Thrive

A condition in infants or children characterized by insufficient weight gain or growth, often caused by inadequate nutrition or underlying medical conditions.

EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).

GI = Gastrointestinal

Referring to the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines, and associated organs involved in digestion and nutrient absorption.

Inguinal Hernia

A condition in which a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal, causing a bulge in the groin.

NG Tube = Nasogastric Tube

A tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used for feeding, administering medications, or draining stomach contents.

NAFLD = Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A condition characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

PUD = Peptic Ulcer Disease

A condition characterized by open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of NSAIDs.

Parenteral Nutrition

A method of providing nutrition intravenously, bypassing the digestive tract, often used in patients with severe gastrointestinal conditions or after surgery.

Ulcerative Colitis

A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.

Brunner’s Glands

Named After: Johann Conrad Brunner, a Swiss anatomist. Glands in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to protect the intestinal lining. These glands help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, playing a key role in preventing damage to the intestinal mucosa.

Gilbert’s Syndrome

Named After: Augustin Nicolas Gilbert, a French physician.

A hereditary liver disorder resulting in mildly elevated bilirubin levels, typically without significant symptoms. It is often detected incidentally during routine blood

Named After: Allen Whipple, an American surgeon.

A complex surgical procedure that involves removing the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine, the gallbladder, and the bile duct. It is performed primarily to treat pancreatic cancer or other diseases affecting the pancreas and nearby organs. The full name of this procedure is pancreaticoduodenectomy (pancreatic/o = pancreas, duoden/o = duodenum (first part of the small intestine), -ectomy = surgical removal).

indicating kidney failure or severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical evaluation and treatment.

Dia-: Through, complete Example: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer function properly.

-cele: Hernia, protrusion Example: Cystocele – A herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall, often caused by weakened pelvic muscles.

-emia: In the blood Example: Uremia – A buildup of urea and other waste products in

recorded radiographic image Example: Urogram – A radiographic image of the urinary tract, used to identify blockages, stones, or other abnormalities.

-graph: Instrument used to record Example: Cystograph – An instrument used to

benign or malignant.

-osis: Abnormal condition Example: Hydronephrosis – An abnormal condition

Rrhaphy

= Acute Renal Failure

A sudden loss of kidney function, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood and an imbalance of electrolytes. It is often reversible with prompt treatment. BPH = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A sudden loss of kidney function, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood and an imbalance of electrolytes. It is often reversible with prompt treatment. BPH = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men, that can cause urinary symptoms such as difficulty starting urination or a weak urine stream. Cath = Catheterization

sudden loss of kidney function, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood and an imbalance of electrolytes. It is often reversible with prompt treatment. BPH = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men, that can cause urinary symptoms such as difficulty starting urination or a weak urine stream.

relieve symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate (BPH). UTI = Urinary Tract Infection

An infection affecting any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, or kidneys, commonly causing symptoms like painful urination and frequent urges to urinate. Bartter Syndrome

Named After: Frederic Bartter, an American endocrinologist.

A rare genetic condition affecting the kidneys' ability to reabsorb sodium, leading to hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and dehydration. Symptoms include muscle weakness, growth delays, and excessive urination, typically diagnosed in childhood.

to urinate. Bartter Syndrome

Named After: Frederic Bartter, an American endocrinologist.

A rare genetic condition affecting the kidneys' ability to reabsorb sodium, leading to hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and dehydration. Symptoms include muscle weakness, growth delays, and excessive urination, typically diagnosed in childhood.

Bowman’s Capsule

Named After: Sir William Bowman, an English surgeon.

A cup-shaped structure in the nephron of the kidney that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate from blood plasma. They are integral to the filtration process in the kidneys, initiating urine formation. Henle’s Loop

Named After: Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, a German anatomist.

The U-shaped portion of the nephron, crucial for concentrating urine by creating a gradient in the kidney's medulla. It plays a key role in water and salt reabsorption, maintaining the body’s electrolyte balance.