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Digestive and Urinary Systems
Digestive and Urinary Systems
74
Medical
Not Applicable
09/09/2025
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Term
dys
 Definition
Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored Example: Dyspepsia – Difficult or painful digestion, often referred to as indigestion, characterized by symptoms like bloating, nausea, or heartburn.
Term
end
 Definition
Within, in Example: Endogastric – A term referring to something occurring within the stomach, such as an endogastric procedure that involves accessing the interior of the stomach for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Term
hemi
 Definition
Half Example: Hemigastrectomy – Surgical removal of half of the stomach, typically performed to treat severe ulcers or stomach cancer.
Term
hyper
 Definition
Excessive or above normal Example: Hypergastrinemia – A condition involving excessive levels of gastrin (a digestive hormone) in the blood, which can lead to overproduction of stomach acid and conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Term
hypo
 Definition
Below normal or deficient Example: Hypoglycemia – A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like dizziness, weakness, and confusion, and requiring prompt treatment with glucose
Term
mal
 Definition
Below normal or deficient Example: Hypoglycemia – A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like dizziness, weakness, and confusion, and requiring prompt treatment with glucose
Term
para
 Definition
Beside, near, or abnormal Example: Paracolitis – Inflammation occurring near or adjacent to the colon, often associated with diverticulitis or infections.
Term
peri
 Definition
Around or surrounding Example: Perigastric – Pertaining to the area around the stomach, often used to describe inflammation, abscesses, or surgical observations in this region.
Term
Dia
 Definition
Through, complete Example: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer function properly.
Term
Oligo
 Definition
Few or scanty Example: Oliguria – Scanty urine output, often a sign of kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or shock, requiring urgent medical attention.
Term
Noct
 Definition
Night Example: Nocturia – Frequent urination at night, which can disrupt sleep and may result from conditions like overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or heart failure.
Term
Hyper
 Definition
Excessive, above normal Example: Hyperuricemia – Excessive levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to conditions such as gout or kidney stones if untreated.
Term
poly
 Definition
Many, excessive Example: Polyuria – Excessive urine output, commonly associated with conditions like diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, often leading to dehydration if untreated.
Term
An/A
 Definition
Without, lack of Example: Anuria – The absence of urine production, often indicating kidney failure or severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical evaluation and treatment.
Term
Dys
 Definition
Difficult, painful, or abnormal Example: Dysuria – Painful or difficult urination, often caused by urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, or other underlying conditions.
Term
ac
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen, often used in conditions like celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten damages the small intestine.
Term
al
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Colorectal – Pertaining to the colon and rectum, often used in the context of colorectal cancer or surgeries.
Term
cele
 Definition
Hernia, protrusion Example: Gastrocele – A hernia of the stomach, often resulting from a weakness in the diaphragm or abdominal wall.
Term
centesis
 Definition
Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid Example: Paracentesis – A procedure involving the surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove excess fluid, commonly performed in cases of ascites.
Term
eat
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Esophageal – Pertaining to the esophagus, such as in esophageal reflux, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.
Term
ectomy
 Definition
Excision Example: Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix, often performed in cases of appendicitis.
Term
gram
 Definition
The record, radiographic image Example: Cholangiogram – A radiographic image of the bile ducts obtained using contrast material, often performed during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to assess blockages or other abnormalities in the bile ducts.
Term
graphy
 Definition
Process of recording Example: Electrogastrography – The process of recording the electrical activity of the stomach to assess its motility and function, often used to diagnose conditions like gastroparesis or dyspepsia..
Term
ia
 Definition
Condition of, diseased state, abnormal state Example: Dyspepsia – A condition of impaired digestion, often characterized by bloating, discomfort, and nausea.
Term
oasis
 Definition
Condition Example: Cholelithiasis – A condition involving the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, which can cause pain and blockages.
Term
ic
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver, as in hepatic function tests, which evaluate liver health.
Term
ary
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Urinary – Pertaining to urine or the urinary system, such as in urinary tract infection (UTI), which affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
Term
emir
 Definition
In the blood Example: Uremia – A buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.
Term
esis
 Definition
Condition Example: Diuresis – A condition of increased or excessive production of urine, often induced by medications like diuretics.
Term
itis
 Definition
Inflammation Example: Cystitis – Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections and characterized by pain and frequent urination.
Term
with
 Definition
Stone Example: Urolith – A stone in the urinary tract, which may form in the kidneys, bladder, or ureters.
Term
megaly
 Definition
Enlarged, enlargement Example: Nephromegaly – Enlargement of the kidneys, which may occur due to hydronephrosis or other conditions affecting the renal system.
Term
oma
 Definition
Tumor, swelling Example: Nephroma – A tumor of the kidney, which may be benign or malignant.
Term
pexy
 Definition
Surgical fixation, suspension Example: Nephropexy – Surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney to its normal anatomical position.
Term
ptosis
 Definition
Drooping, sagging, prolapse Example: Nephroptosis – Drooping or displacement of the kidney, which may cause urinary obstruction or pain.
Term
rrhaphy
 Definition
Suturing, repairing Example: Cystorrhaphy – Surgical suturing of the bladder, often performed to repair tears or injuries.
Term
scope
 Definition
Instrument used for visual examination Example: Cystoscope – An instrument used to visually examine the bladder and urethra during a cystoscopy.
Term
scopic
 Definition
Pertaining to visual examination Example: Urethroscopic – Pertaining to the visual examination of the urethra, often to diagnose strictures or obstructions.
Term
stomy
 Definition
Creation of an artificial opening Example: Urostomy – A surgical procedure creating an artificial opening in the abdominal wall to divert urine from the bladder.
Term
uria
 Definition
Urine, urination Example: Hematuria – The presence of blood in the urine, often indicating infections, stones, or more serious conditions like bladder cancer.
Term
abdomin/o
 Definition
Abdomen, abdominal Example: Abdominoplasty – Surgical repair or reconstruction of the abdomen, often referred to as a "tummy tuck."
Term
an/o
 Definition
Anus Example: Anoplasty – Surgical repair of the anus, often performed to treat congenital defects or damage caused by trauma.
Term
antr/o
 Definition
Antrum Example: Antrectomy – Surgical removal of the antrum, a part of the stomach, often done to treat ulcers or cancer.
Term
append/o
 Definition
Appendix Example: Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix, typically performed in cases of appendicitis.
Term
aooendic/o
 Definition
Appendix Example: Appendicitis – Inflammation of the appendix, often causing abdominal pain and requiring surgical intervention.
Term
cec/o
 Definition
Cecum Example: Cecopexy – Surgical fixation of the cecum, often performed to correct volvulus (twisting of the bowel).
Term
celi/o
 Definition
Abdomen, abdominal cavity Example: Celiotomy – Surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, often performed to explore or treat abdominal conditions
Term
cheil/o:
 Definition
Lip Example: Cheilitis – Inflammation of the lips, often caused by irritation, infection, or nutritional deficiencies.
Term
col/o, colon/o:
 Definition
Colon Example: Colitis – Inflammation of the colon, which can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cramping.
Term
enter/o:
 Definition
Intestine Example: Enteritis – Inflammation of the intestines, often caused by infection or irritants.
Term
esophag/o
 Definition
Esophagus Example: Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus, often resulting from acid reflux or infections.
Term
gastr/o
 Definition
Stomach Example: Gastrectomy – Surgical removal of part or all of the stomach, typically to treat ulcers, cancer, or severe obesity.
Term
azot/o
 Definition
Urea, nitrogen Example: Azotemia – An elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, typically resulting from kidney dysfunction.
Term
blast/o
 Definition
Developing cell, germ cell Example: Nephroblastoma – A cancerous tumor of the kidney that arises from immature kidney cells, also known as Wilms tumor, commonly found in children
Term
glomerul/o
 Definition
Glomerulus Example: Glomerulonephritis – Inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney dysfunction or failure.
Term
glyc/o, glycos/o
 Definition
Sugar Example: Hyperglycosuria – Excess sugar in the urine, commonly associated with
Term
nephr/o
 Definition
Kidney Example: Nephrectomy – Surgical removal of a kidney, often performed due to cancer, trauma, or severe infection.
Term
noct/o
 Definition
Night Example: Nocturnal Enuresis – Involuntary urination during sleep, commonly known as bedwetting. This condition is most often seen in children, but it can also occur in adults due to medical issues such as diabetes, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.
Term
py/o
 Definition
Pus Example: Pyuria – The presence of pus in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection or kidney infection.
Term
ren/o
 Definition
Kidney Example: Renal failure – The inability of the kidneys to filter waste products and balance fluids and electrolytes in the body.
Term
ur/o
 Definition
urin/o: Urine, urinary tract Example: Urology – The branch of medicine focused on the study and treatment of urinary tract diseases and disorders.
Term
BMI = Body Mass Index
 Definition
A measurement of body fat based on height and weight, used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.
Term
EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
 Definition
A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum)
Term
FTT = Failure to Thrive
 Definition
A condition in infants or children characterized by insufficient weight gain or growth, often caused by inadequate nutrition or underlying medical conditions
Term
GERD = Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
 Definition
A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing.
Term
GI = Gastrointestinal
 Definition
Referring to the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines, and associated organs involved in digestion and nutrient absorption.
Term
IH = Inguinal Hernia
 Definition
A condition in which a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal, causing a bulge in the groin.
Term
IBD = Inflammatory Bowel Disease
 Definition
A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Term
IBS = Irritable Bowel Syndrome
 Definition
A common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits (constipation, diarrhea, or both).
Term
NG Tube = Nasogastric Tube
 Definition
A tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used for feeding, administering medications, or draining stomach contents.
Term
NAFLD = Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
 Definition
A condition characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
Term
PUD = Peptic Ulcer Disease
 Definition
A condition characterized by open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of NSAIDs.
Term
PN = Parenteral Nutrition
 Definition
A method of providing nutrition intravenously, bypassing the digestive tract, often used in patients with severe gastrointestinal conditions or after surgery.
Term
UC = Ulcerative Colitis
 Definition
A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.
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