Within, in

Example: Endogastric – A term referring to something occurring within the stomach, such as an endogastric procedure that involves accessing the interior of the stomach for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Half

Example: Hemigastrectomy – Surgical removal of half of the stomach, typically performed to treat severe ulcers or stomach cancer.

Excessive or above normal

Example: Hypergastrinemia – A condition involving excessive levels of gastrin (a digestive hormone) in the blood, which can lead to overproduction of stomach acid and conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Below normal or deficient

Example: Hypoglycemia – A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like dizziness, weakness, and confusion, and requiring prompt treatment with glucose

Bad or poor

Example: Malabsorption – Poor absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract, which can result from conditions like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or chronic pancreatitis, leading to malnutrition.

Beside, near, or abnormal

Example: Paracolitis – Inflammation occurring near or adjacent to the colon, often associated with diverticulitis or infections.

Around or surrounding

Example: Perigastric – Pertaining to the area around the stomach, often used to describe inflammation, abscesses, or surgical observations in this region.

Under, below

Example: Sublingual – Situated under the tongue, often referring to medications that dissolve beneath the tongue for quick absorption.

Across or through

Example: Transgastric – Referring to procedures or conditions that occur through the stomach, such as a transgastric endoscopic procedure used for accessing abdominal organs.

Without, lack of

Example: Anuria – The absence of urine production, often indicating kidney failure or severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical evaluation and treatment.

Through, complete

Example: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer function properly.

Difficult, painful, or abnormal

Example: Dysuria – Painful or difficult urination, often caused by urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, or other underlying conditions.

Excessive, above normal

Example: Hyperuricemia – Excessive levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to conditions such as gout or kidney stones if untreated.

Below normal, deficient

Example: Hyposthenuria – The excretion of excessively dilute urine due to the kidneys' inability to concentrate it properly, often associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease.

Many, excessive

Example: Polyuria – Excessive urine output, commonly associated with conditions like diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, often leading to dehydration if untreated.

Night

Example: Nocturia – Frequent urination at night, which can disrupt sleep and may result from conditions like overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or heart failure.

Few or scanty

Example: Oliguria – Scanty urine output, often a sign of kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or shock, requiring urgent medical attention

Pertaining to

Example: Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen, often used in conditions like celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten damages the small intestine.

Pertaining to

Example: Colorectal – Pertaining to the colon and rectum, often used in the context of colorectal cancer or surgeries

Hernia, protrusion

Example: Gastrocele – A hernia of the stomach, often resulting from a weakness in the diaphragm or abdominal wall.

Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

Example: Paracentesis – A procedure involving the surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove excess fluid, commonly performed in cases of ascites.

Pertaining to

Example: Esophageal – Pertaining to the esophagus, such as in esophageal reflux, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.

Excision

Example: Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix, often performed in cases of appendicitis.

The record, radiographic image

Example: Cholangiogram – A radiographic image of the bile ducts obtained using contrast material, often performed during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to assess blockages or other abnormalities in the bile ducts.

Process of recording

Example: Electrogastrography – The process of recording the electrical activity of the stomach to assess its motility and function, often used to diagnose conditions like gastroparesis or dyspepsia.

Condition of, diseased state, abnormal state

Example: Dyspepsia – A condition of impaired digestion, often characterized by bloating, discomfort, and nausea.

Condition

Example: Cholelithiasis – A condition involving the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, which can cause pain and blockages.

Pertaining to

Example: Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver, as in hepatic function tests, which evaluate liver health.

Inflammation

Example: Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by infections, medications, or alcohol use.

Study of

Example: Hepatology – The study of the liver, including diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Softening

Example: Esophagomalacia – Softening of the esophageal walls, often caused by chronic acid reflux (GERD), prolonged inflammation, or structural weakness, which may lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or esophageal collapse.

Enlargement

Example: Hepatomegaly – Enlargement of the liver, which can occur in conditions like fatty liver disease or hepatitis.

 Tumor

Example: Gastrinoma – A tumor that secretes gastrin, often associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, leading to excessive stomach acid production

Abnormal condition

Example: Diverticulosis – A condition where small pouches form in the colon wall, which can become inflamed (diverticulitis).

Disease

Example: Gastropathy – A disease of the stomach, often referring to damage caused by chronic use of NSAIDs or alcohol.

Eating or swallowing

Example: Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing, which can result from conditions affecting the esophagus or nervous system.

Surgical repair

Example: Pyloroplasty – Surgical repair or widening of the pyloric sphincter to improve the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.

Prolapse, drooping

Example: Gastroptosis – Prolapse or downward displacement of the stomach, often caused by weakened abdominal muscles.

Suturing, repairing

Example: Herniorrhaphy – Surgical repair of a hernia, often performed to reinforce the abdominal wall.

Flow, discharge

Example: Diarrhea – Frequent, watery bowel movements, often caused by infections, medications, or food intolerances.

Instrument used for visualization

Example: Colonoscope – An instrument used to visualize the interior of the colon during a colonoscopy.

Process of viewing, visualization

Example: Endoscopy – The process of visualizing the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a camera.

Creation of an artificial opening

Example: Colostomy – A surgical procedure to create an opening from the colon to the abdominal surface for waste elimination.

Incision, cut into

Example: Laparotomy – A surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, often performed to diagnose or treat abdominal conditions.

BMI

Body Mass Index

EGD

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Inguinal Hernia

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Nasogastric Tube

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

PUD

Peptic Ulcer Disease

PN

Parenteral Nutrition

UC

Ulcerative Colitis

Brunner’s Glands

• Named After: Johann Conrad Brunner, a Swiss anatomist. Glands in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to protect the intestinal lining. These glands help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, playing a key role in preventing damage to the intestinal mucosa.

Crohn’s Disease

• Named After: Burrill Crohn, an American gastroenterologist.
• A chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, often affecting the ileum and colon. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and malnutrition. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Gilbert’s Syndrome

• Named After: Augustin Nicolas Gilbert, a French physician.
• A hereditary liver disorder resulting in mildly elevated bilirubin levels, typically without significant symptoms. It is often detected incidentally during routine blood tests and is usually benign

Whipple Procedure

• Named After: Allen Whipple, an American surgeon.