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Digestive 1 - A&P, testing
(some found in NCLEX review set) Digestive system - A & P, testing methods
253
Nursing
Professional
04/04/2010

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Cards

Term
2 types of digestion
Definition
• Mechanical – physically breaks down food product into smaller particles
o peristalsis
• Chemical – breaks down food at the molecular/cellular level
Term
Tests that require contrast medium
Definition
- Upper GI series
- Lower GI series
- computer imaging
Term
B12 Deficiency results in ...
Definition
Pernicious anemia
Term
G-tube: Prior to administering meds
Definition
- Fowler's position (at least 30 degrees)
- Check residual: hold if >100ml
Term
PICC: defined
Definition
peripherally inserted central catheter
Term
Nursing intervention for patient gagging and complaining of pain from NG
Definition
mouth care
Term
NG tube: intervention NOT requiring MD order
Definition
mouth care
Term
TPN: definition
Definition
- Total Parenteral Nutrients
- central venous access
- placement of catheter in to large blood vessel (sup. vena cava)
- direct IV admin of fluids
- nutrients into circulatory system
Term
abdominal assessment: inspection (5)
Definition
- color
- abnormalities
- contour
- tautness
- distention
Term
accessory organs of the digestive system include
Definition
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and peritoneum
Term
air being instilled into the bowel
Definition
insufflation
Term
an alternating relaxation and contraction of Smooth or involuntary muscles that sends food through the digestive tube.
Definition
peristalsis
Term
ascites
Definition
excess fluid in the space between the tissues lining the abdomen and abdominal organs (the peritoneal cavity).
Term
barium enema: description
Definition
fluoroscopic and radiographic exam of large intestine after barium instilled rectally
Term
barium enema: postprocedure (4)
Definition
- increase fluid intake
- mild laxative
- monitor stools for passage of barium
- notify MD if no BM within 2 days
Term
barium enema: preprocedure (3)
Definition
- low-residue diet 1-2 days prior
- clear liquid diet and laxative evening prior
- cleansing enema morning of
Term
barium swallow: description
Definition
exam of upper GI tract under fluoroscopy after client drinks barium sulfate
Term
barium swallow: effect on stools (2)
Definition
- chalky white appearance
- can cause bowel obstruction
Term
barium swallow: postprocedure (3)
Definition
- laxative
- increase fluid intake
- monitor stools for passage of barium
Term
barium swallow: preprocedure
Definition
NPO after midnight
Term
begins to break down proteins
Definition
pepsin
Term
bland diet: salt allowance?
Definition
small amounts only
Term
carries food from pharynx to stomach
Definition
esophagus
Term
cholecystography: description (2)
Definition
- detects gallstones
- observes gallbladder function
Term
cholecystography: postprocedure (2)
Definition
- inform that dysuria is common
- resume normal diet
Term
cholecystography: preprocedure (4)
Definition
- assess for iodine or seafood allergy
- contrast agent administered 10-13 hrs before test
- NPO after contrast agent
- report to ER if reaction to contrast agent
Term
clear liquid diet
Definition
anything you can see through
Term
colon is inflated with air during colonoscopy
Definition
insufflation
Term
colonoscopy: post-procedure consideration
Definition
colon is insufflated during procedure. Help patient release air afterwards.
Term
contains capillaries and a lymphatic capillary
Definition
villi
Term
contains openings of bile and pancreatic ducts
Definition
duodenum
Term
contractions of the pharynx continue the act of swallowing and push food into the muscular ...
Definition
esophagus
Term
controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenal portion of the small intestine
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
covers the larynx and prevents food from entering the respiratory tract
Definition
epiglottis
Term
crosses to the left side in the upper part of the cavity
Definition
transverse colon
Term
cystic duct joins the hepatic duct to create the
Definition
common bile duct
Term
description of the Levin tube
Definition
- single lumen
- no air vent (so use low intermittent suction
Term
description of the Salem sump
Definition
- double-lumen
- has air vent (so low to medium continuous suction allowed)
Term
difference between clear liquid diet and full liquid diet
Definition
Full liquid adds dairy
Term
dumping syndrome: Causal foods
Definition
- High in cholesterol and electrolytes, especially salt.
- MSG
Term
dumping syndrome: intervention
Definition
small, frequent meals
Term
dumping syndrome: process
Definition
Rapid entry of food into the jejunum without proper mixing of the food with digestive juices
Term
dumping syndrome: s/sx (7)
Definition
- palpitations
- sweating
- faintness
- excessive weakness
- diarrhea
- vomiting
- Signs of shock may develop
Term
duration of B12 injection treatment
Definition
life
Term
dysphagia.
Definition
difficulty in swallowing
Term
end product of fat digestion
Definition
chyle
Term
fat-soluble vitamins
Definition
A, D, E, K
Term
fiberoptic colonoscopy: description (4)
Definition
- lining of large intestine is visually examined
- biopsies and polypectomies possible
- cardiac and respiratory functions monitored continuously
- client on left side with knees drawn to chest; may be changed during test
Term
fiberoptic colonoscopy: postprocedure (3)
Definition
- bedrest until alert
- monitor for signs of bowel perforation and peritonitis
- instruct client to report bleeding
Term
fiberoptic colonoscopy: preprocedure (6)
Definition
- colon cleansing as prescribed by MD
- clear liquid diet on day prior
- hold meds as specified by MD
- NPO after midnight day prior
- Versed IV for sedation
- Glucagon to relax smooth muscle
Term
four abdominal assessments
Definition
- inspection
- auscultation
- palpitation
- percussion
Term
function of Intrinsic factor
Definition
Required for absorption of vitamin B12
Term
function of the appendix
Definition
none known
Term
functions of the gastrointestinal system include: (CATA)
- absorption
- secretion
- digestion
- ingestion
- uptake
- process
Definition
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
Term
gastric analysis: description (3)
Definition
- gastric contents aspirated via NG tube
- histamine or pentagastrin may be given sq to stimulate secretions
- esophageal reflux monitoring with pH probe in esophagus
Term
gastric analysis: postprocedure (2)
Definition
- resume normal activities
- refrigerate samples not tested within 4 hrs
Term
gastric analysis: preprocedure (3)
Definition
- fasting 8-12 hrs prior
- no tobacco or gum 6 hrs prior
- hold meds that stimulate gastric secretions 24-48 hrs
Term
gastric surgery: NG tube precautions
Definition
- no pushing the tube
- no irrigating
Term
goes down the left side into the pelvis
Definition
descending colon
Term
hormone secreted by the duodenum and jejunum
Definition
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Term
how do you get rid of gas in an ostomy bag?
Definition
Open it and let it out
Term
how to decrease patient anxiety regarding therapy
Definition
teaching
Term
how to determine if TPN is working
Definition
daily weight
Term
hydrochloric acid
Definition
Parietal cells secrete
Term
in the stomach, all foods mix with gastric juices and churn until they are in a semiliquid form called
Definition
chyme
Term
insufflation
Definition
colon is inflated with air during colonoscopy
Term
intervention for starting tube feeding
Definition
check placement - aspirate contents
Term
interventions for the patient about to have GI therapy (6)
Definition

- informed consent

- NPO midnight

- void prior

- GoLytely

- Labs

- V/S

 

Term
intrinsic factor: purpose
Definition
for absorption of B12
Term
is gag-reflex check needed after lower GI exam?
Definition
No
Term
is gag-reflex check needed after upper GI exam?
Definition
No. Barium does not numb the throat
Term
key points to removing NG tube
Definition
- clamp tube before removing
- remove in a continuous motion
Term
lack of vitamin B12 will result in
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
large intestine has bacteria to absorb
Definition
vitamins (A,C,D,E,K)
Term
last portion of the colon
Definition
sigmoid
Term
lies just below the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
Definition
liver
Term
liver biopsy: What to instruct patient during needle insertion
Definition
Don't breathe
Term
liver biopsy: description
Definition
needle through abdominal wall to obtain tissue sample
Term
liver biopsy: postprocedure (7)
Definition
- V/S
- asses site for bleeding
- monitor for peritonitis
- bedrest several hours
- right side with pillow under costal margin
- no coughing or straining
- no heavy lifting 1 wk
Term
liver biopsy: preprocedure (3)
Definition
- PT, PTT, PLTC
- sedative
- supine or left lateral position
Term
liver receives its blood supply from the
Definition
hepatic artery
Term
liver secretes an anticoagulant called
Definition
heparin
Term
located at the entrance into the duodenum
Definition
sphincter of Oddi
Term
located on the liver's undersurface
Definition
gallbladder
Term
location of pancreas
Definition
behind the stomach
Term
lymph nodules grouped together
Definition
aggregated lymphatic follicles or Peyer's patches
Term
lymphoid tissue on the lining of the ileum
Definition
Peyer's patches
Term
monosaccharides that remain at the completion of digestion of proteins
Definition
glucose, galactose, and fructose
Term
muscular sac 3 to 4 inches long (7.5 to 10 cm). It resembles a small pear
Definition
gallbladder
Term
needed for absorption of vitamin B12
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
nursing care of patient with NG tube
Definition
- frequent mouth care
Term
once bolus passes through Pyloric sphincter, it is known as
Definition
chyme
Term
organ that contains the islets of Langerhans
Definition
pancreas
Term
ostomy type: discharge is liquid to mushy, foul odor
Definition
Cecostomy
Term
ostomy type: discharge is liquid, mushy
Definition
ileostomy
Term
ostomy type: discharge is mushy to semiformed
Definition
Right transverse colostomy
Term
ostomy type: discharge is semiformed, soft
Definition
Left transverse colostomy
Term
ostomy type: discharge is soft to hard formed
Definition
Descending or sigmoid colostomy
Term
ostomy: Nursing considerations for client (5)
Definition
– Clothing: not tight
– Bathing
– Skin care: Review appliance application
– Activity
– Diet
Term
ostomy: Skin barrier circumference:
Definition
1/16" – 1/8” from the stoma
Term
ostomy: diet considerations (9)
Definition
Avoid foods that could cause blockage:
- Green leafy vegetables,
- cole slaw,
- celery, corn,
- foods with nondigestible peels, - coconut,
- mushrooms,
- nuts,
- dried fruits,
- chinese vegetables,
- meats with casings
Term
ostomy: frequency of appliance change
Definition
1-2 times per week
Term
ostomy: normal appearance (4)
Definition
- pink
- moist
- some blood right after
- no blood after 3 days
Term
ostomy: when is the pouch emptied
Definition
When it is 1/3 to 1/2 full
Term
pancreas
Definition
a long, fish-shaped glandular organ about 6 inches (15 cm) long
Term
paracentesis: description
Definition
removal of fluid from peritoneal cavity for analysis
Term
paracentesis: postprocedure (9)
Definition
- V/S
- record measurement and description of fluid collected
- label samples and send to lab
- dry sterile dressing
- monitor site for bleeding
- measure abdominal girth and weight
- monitor for hypovolemia, electrolyte loss, mental status changes or encephalopathy
- monitor for hematuria
- MD notified if urine bloody
Term
paracentesis: preprocedure (3)
Definition
- void prior
- measure abdominal girth, weight and baseline V/S
- position client sitting upright with back and feet supported
Term
parts of the alimentary canal
Definition
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
Term
parts of the stomach (4)
Definition
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pylorus
Term
passageway for food into the stomach from the mouth
Definition
esophagus
Term
peptic ulcer: description
Definition
ulceration in mucosal wall of stomach, pylorus, duodenum or esophagus
Term
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography: (2)description
Definition
- dye injected into biliary tree
- hepatic ducts are outlined
Term
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography: postprocedure (4)
Definition
- V/S
- signs of bleeding, peritonitis and septicemia
- report pain immediately
- antibiotics as prescribed
Term
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography: preprocedure (2)
Definition
- NPO
- sedation
Term
permits taste and swallowing
Definition
salivary gland secretions (saliva)
Term
position for tube-feeding of comatose patient
Definition
30 degrees to high-Fowlers
Term
positioning of patient after liver biopsy
Definition
right side
Term
post-GI therapy intervention
Definition
laxatives
Term
prevents back-up of duodenal contents into the stomach
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
prevents back-up of fecal material from the large intestine into the small intestine
Definition
ileocecal valve
Term
prevents back-up of stomach contents into the esophagus
Definition
lower esophageal sphincter
Term
prevents contents of large intestine from entering ileum
Definition
ileocecal valve
Term
prevents reflux into the esophagus
Definition
cardiac sphincter
Term
problem for vegans
Definition
pernicious anemia, due to a lack of vitamin B12
Term
process of eliminating solid intestinal wastes from the colon
Definition
defecation
Term
process of transferring food elements into circulation for transport
Definition
absorption
Term
proctoscopy & sigmoidoscopy: description (3)
Definition
- requires flexible scope to examine rectum
- client on left side with right leg bent and placed anteriorly
- biopsies and polypectomies possible
Term
proteine digestion begins here
Definition
stomach
Term
provides voluntary control of defecation
Definition
external anal sphincter
Term
refers to the amount of energy (calories) the body uses at rest
Definition
basal metabolism
Term
regulates the rate of stomach emptying into small intestine
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
responsible for the initiation of carbohydrate metabolism
Definition
salivary amylase
Term
result of B12 deficiency
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
salivary amylase initiates this
Definition
carbohydrate metabolism
Term
site of action of bile and pancreatic enzymes
Definition
small intestine
Term
site of most absorption of digestion end-products
Definition
large intestine
Term
small intestine is divided into the
Definition
duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
Term
sphincter-like muscle, located where the large and small intestines meet, acts as a valve to prevent backflow of material to the small intestine; it also regulates the forward flow.
Definition
ileocecal valve
Term
stool specimens: guidelines (3)
Definition
- send to lab promptly
- 24-72 hour collections kept refrigerated
- some specimens require certain diet or withholding of certain meds
Term
stores and releases bile
Definition
gallbladder
Term
stores and releases bile as needed in the small intestine for fat emulsification
Definition
gallbladder
Term
sublingual (under the tongue), parotid (cheek), and submandibular (under the lower jaw)
Definition
Three pairs of salivary glands
Term
termination point of small intestine
Definition
cecum
Term
the body's largest glandular organ
Definition
liver
Term
the muscular tube behind the mouth
Definition
pharynx
Term
the swallowing process
Definition
deglutition
Term
thin, watery fluid that contains ptyalin
Definition
Saliva
Term
to receive food
Definition
ingestion
Term
tpn indication
Definition
situations requiring alternative feeding between 2 wks and 2 months
Term
tpn interventions
Definition
- Do not change the dressing
- Check glucose q6h
- Start (and stop) slowly to allow pancreas to adjust
Term
travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity
Definition
ascending colon
Term
tube feeding: when is it held?
Definition
When residual is over 100cc
Term
upper GI components
Definition
- esophagus
- stomach
- duodenum
Term
upper GI endoscopy: description (2)
Definition
- endoscope passed down esophagus to view gastric wall, sphincters, and duodenum
- tissue samples may be obtained
Term
upper GI endoscopy: postprocedure (4)
Definition
- NPO until gag reflex returns
- monitor for signs of perforation
- bedrest until alert
- tx for sore throat prn after gag reflex returns
Term
upper GI endoscopy: preprocedure (8)
Definition
- NPO 6-12 hrs prior
- local anesthetic and conscious sedation
- atropine sulfate given to reduce secretions
- glucagon given to relax smooth muscle
- client positioned on left side
- monitor airway patency during test
- pulse oximetry
- emergency equipment ready
Term
urea breath test: guidelines
Definition
- certain meds may need to be avoided for 1 month prior
Term
vitamin B12 and bone marrow
Definition
necessary for the development of red blood cells in bone marrow
Term
volume of blood stored in liver
Definition
200-400 ml
Term
water and vitamin absorption site
Definition
large intestine
Term
what to do if NG tube is not draining
Definition
- check for leaks by aspirating
- flush with water (30ml max)
Term
when is irrigating an NG tube with normal saline the only correct choice?
Definition
- tube in place for extended period AND
- electrolytes are low
Term
when is the gag reflex check needed?
Definition
- after bronchoscopy
- after any test that requires going into the mouth and throat
Term
where albumin is secreted
Definition
liver
Term
which meds should be given separate from other meds? (CATA)
1) Antacids
2) Gastric Protectants
3) H2 Receptor antagonists
4) PPIs
Definition
- Antacids
- H2 receptor antagonists
Term
why we put skin barrier on stoma
Definition
prevent skin breakdown from frequent appliance changes
Term
why would vitamin B12 be given by IM?
Definition
Intrinsic factor (produced in the stomach) is not being produced. Oral B12 not being absorbed.
Term
PICC: usual placement
Definition
subclavian vein
Term
Enteral nutrition: description (2)
Definition
- tube feeding - catheter into stomach
Term

Of the following patients, who would be good candidates for TPN (CATA)

- cancer patient

- burn victim

- ileostomy patient

- COPD patient

- anorexic

- AIDS patient

- ulcerative colitis patient

- chronic dumping syndrome patient

- gastrectomy patient

 

Definition

- cancer patient

- burn victim

- anorexic

- AIDS patient

- ulcerative colitis patient

- gastrectomy patient

Term
2 types of digestion
Definition
• Mechanical – physically breaks down food product into smaller particles
o peristalsis
• Chemical – breaks down food at the molecular/cellular level
Term
A problem for vegans
Definition
pernicious anemia, due to a lack of vitamin B12
Term
Clotting factors
Definition

- factor V

- factor VII

- factor IX

- factor X

- fibrinogen

- prothrombin

Term
Contractions of the pharynx continue the act of swallowing and push food into the muscular
Definition
esophagus
Term
Hiatal hernia has to do with the
Definition
diaphragm
Term
In infants, projectile vomiting can be a sign
Definition
pyloric stenosis
Term
In the stomach lining, there are secretory cells called
Definition
- chief cells
- parietal cells
Term
In the stomach, all foods mix with gastric juices and churn until they are in a semiliquid form called
Definition
chyme
Term
Intrinsic factor
Definition
needed for absorption of vitamin B12
Term
It closes off the nasal pharynx
Definition
uvula
Term
It is mostly muscle tissue. It separates the mouth from the nasopharynx
Definition
soft palate
Term
Large intestine has bacteria to absorb
Definition
vitamins (A,C,D,E,K)
Term
Parietal cells secrete
Definition
hydrochloric acid
Term
Plasma proteins
Definition

- albumin

- prothrombin

- globulins

Term
Saliva
Definition
thin, watery fluid that contains ptyalin
Term
Stores and releases bile
Definition
gallbladder
Term
The acinar cells secrete three main enzymes:
Definition
• Amylase (pancreatic): digests starch
• Trypsin: digests protein
• Lipase (pancreatic): digests fats (called triglycerides)
Term
The cystic duct joins the hepatic duct to create this
Definition
common bile duct
Term
The exocrine function of the pancreas
Definition
produce pancreatic juice, which is accomplished by the acinar cells
Term
The function of the uvula
Definition
to direct the food down into the stomach, instead of up through the nose. It closes off the nasal pharynx
Term
The gum
Definition
gingiva
Term
The largest of the salivary glands
Definition
Parotid
Term
The mouth is also called
Definition
oral cavity
Term
The only digestive enzyme in saliva
Definition
amylase
Term
The process of eliminating solid intestinal wastes from the colon
Definition
defecation
Term
The process of transferring food elements into the circulation for transport
Definition
absorption
Term
The tooth's center
Definition
pulp cavity (pulp chamber)
Term
Three pairs of salivary glands
Definition
- sublingual
- parotid
- submandibular
Term
a form of amylase found in saliva
Definition
ptyalin
Term
a person's ability to taste food also depends on
Definition
the sense of smell
Term
a tough skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
Definition
tongue
Term
an alternating relaxation and contraction of Smooth or involuntary muscles that sends food through the digestive tube.
Definition
peristalsis
Term
ball of food that has mixed with saliva
Definition
bolus
Term
basal metabolism
Definition
the amount of energy (calories) the body uses at rest
Term
begins to break down proteins
Definition
pepsin
Term
cement (or cementum)
Definition
covers the root of the tooth
Term
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Definition
hormone secreted by the duodenum and jejunum
Term
close to the front of the mouth and is composed of the palatine bones
Definition
hard palate
Term
controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenal portion of the small intestine
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
covers the larynx and prevents food from entering the respiratory tract
Definition
epiglottis
Term
covers the root of the tooth
Definition
cement (or cementum)
Term
crosses to the left side in the upper part of the cavity
Definition
transverse colon
Term
difficulty in swallowing
Definition
dysphagia
Term
directs the food down into the stomach, instead of up through the nose.
Definition
uvula
Term
divisions of the small intestine
Definition
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
Term
finger-like projections of the small intestine
Definition
villi
Term
functions of hydrochloric acid
Definition
- activate pepsinogen
- kill most microorganisms in the stomach
Term
gingiva
Definition
The gum
Term
goes down the left side into the pelvis
Definition
descending colon
Term
hard bonelike substance beneath the enamel and the cement: the bulk of tooth material
Definition
dentin
Term
hormone secreted by the duodenum and jejunum
Definition
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Term
last portion of the colon
Definition
sigmoid
Term
length of GI tract
Definition
approximately 30 feet (9.1 m)
Term
like a tube, approximately 30 feet (9.1 m) long
Definition
GI tract
Term
location of taste buds (by type)salty (tip and sides of the tongue)
bitter (back of the tongue)
sweet (tip of tongue)
sour (sides of tongue)
Definition
salty (tip and sides)
bitter (back)
sweet (tip)
sour (sides)
Term
lymph nodules grouped together
Definition
- aggregated lymphatic follicles
- Peyer's patches
Term
microscopic folds of the cell membrane to increase the surface area
Definition
microvilli
Term
monosaccharides that remain at the completion of digestion of proteins
Definition
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
Term
muscular sac 3 to 4 inches long (7.5 to 10 cm). It resembles a small pear
Definition
gallbladder
Term
necessary for the development of red blood cells in bone marrow
Definition
vitamin B12
Term
needed for absorption of vitamin B12
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
pernicious anemia: cause
Definition
lack of vitamin B12
Term
provides blood supply to the liver
Definition
hepatic artery
Term
ptyalin
Definition
a form of amylase found in saliva
Term
pyloric stenosis
Definition
a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
Term
salivary gland under the tongue
Definition
sublingual
Term
secretes an anticoagulant called heparin
Definition
The liver
Term
stores energy and uses it to drive all cellular processes that require energy
Definition
ATP
Term
the amount of energy (calories) the body uses at rest
Definition
basal metabolism
Term
the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
Definition
Catabolism
Term
the muscular tube behind the mouth
Definition
pharynx
Term
the pancreas secretes these into the bloodstream to help regulate blood sugar levels
Definition
- insulin
- glucagon
- somatostatin
Term
the swallowing process
Definition
deglutition
Term
the synthesis of substances to form new, larger substances
Definition
Anabolism
Term
to receive food
Definition
ingestion
Term
travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity
Definition
ascending colon
Term
vitamin B12 necessary for the development of
Definition
red blood cells in bone marrow
Term
where digestion begins
Definition
mouth
Term
[image]
Digestive system-numbered
Definition
[image]
Digestive system-named
Term
[image]
Mouth-numbered
Definition
[image]
Mouth-named
Term
[image]
Tooth-numbered
Definition
[image]
Tooth-named
Term
[image]
Stomach-numbered
Definition
[image]
Stomach-named
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