Term
| 3 main sources of energy are: |
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Definition
| Fats, carbohydrates and proteins |
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Term
| Fish and humans have similar alimentary systems in that... |
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Definition
| The ureter and kidney system is separate from the digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
| pulsed fashion of work, with processing of components and elimination before new components brought in. Primarily used in coelenterates |
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Term
| Continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactor |
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Definition
| Hollow tubular cavity with continuous processing mixing into homegeneous mass. Overflow passes on. |
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Term
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Definition
| bolus of food passes along a tube-like structure with continuous digestion and varying composition according to position |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of continuous-flow and plug-flow reactors with chemical digestion in the stomuch and small intestine as plug-flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical, mechanical and bacterial treatments prior to absorption |
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Term
| The gut is characterized by... |
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Definition
| Travel of material in single direction through regions with specialized tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeding and swallowing, with certain anatomical associations such as teeth/tongue. Common pathway with gas exchange = valves. Chemoreception (taste buds) occurs here. |
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Term
| Digestion aids in headgut... |
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Definition
| Saliva, mucin, enzymes, anticoagulants |
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Term
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Definition
| Conduction of food to stomach. May contain a crop and gizzard. Includes stomach for storage and mechanical mixing. |
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Term
| Digestion aids in the foregut are... |
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Definition
| Pepsinogen, pepsin and HCl as protein digestion occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| also known as a proventriculus and has grinding structures. |
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Term
| monogastric stomach has... |
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Definition
| Sphincters at the entrance and exit, and a single sac |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pepsinogen is secreted by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Have two divisions and four chambers |
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Term
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Definition
| Partially digested food being regurgitated through esophagus for second chewing before passing into 2nd division of digastric stomach |
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Term
| In the rumen of a digastric stomach, digestion is primarily achieved by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Digastric stomachs only secrete digestive enzymes in the... |
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Definition
| Abomasum, a compartment of the second division. |
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Term
| Invertebrates without stomaches digest and absorb food by... |
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Definition
| outpouchings with enzyme-secreting cells plus phagocytic cells. |
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Term
| The Malphigian tubules... |
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Definition
| allow for the alimentary system of insects to function for water and electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in the chemical digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates as well as absorption. Recieves ducts from liver and pancrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bile, to emulsify fats and to neutralize acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkaline juice and important enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The infolding of the intestine is known as... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in storage and absorption of water and ions. Fermentation occurs here in some herbivores. |
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Term
| Plug-flow reactors are the hindgut fermenters in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Continuous flow-reactors with an enlarged cecum is involved in hindgut fermentation of... |
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Definition
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Term
| In many vertebrates, the hindgut ends in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| In annelids, tunicates and cephalochordates alimentary canal movement is achieved by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Arthropods and chordates achieve alimentary motility through... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the coordinated contraction of longitudinal and circular muscle with a direction of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscular movement with no direction controlled by circular muscles. Good for mixing and kneading. |
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Term
| The esophagus is controlled by... |
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Definition
| The central nervous system |
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Term
| The GI Tract excluding the esophagus is... |
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Definition
| myogenic, therefore intrinsically controlled via smooth muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modulated by local stimulations such as mechanical stretching or chemical stimulation by chyme. Stretch induces action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| A semi fluid mass of partially digested food |
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Term
| The nervous system of the GI tract is known as the... |
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Definition
| Enteric nervous system, with only part of the peripheral NS being capable of local autonomous function |
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Term
| The enteric nervous system can be in part controlled by... |
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Definition
| extrinsic measures via hormones/chemical stimulation (Gastrointestinal peptides/chyme) and the ANS (Sympathetic and parasympathetic NSs) |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete hormones to the circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete digestive enzymes, water, mucus and electrolytes into the lumen of the GI tract |
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Term
| A mammalian salivary gland is an example of... |
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Definition
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Term
| The acinar portion of the mammalian salivary gland... |
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Definition
| forms/requires mucin, amylase, water via osmosis, and electrolytes |
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Term
| The duct portion of the mammalian salivary gland... |
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Definition
| Involved in further modification of secretions |
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Term
| Secretion can be controlled by... |
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Definition
| Presence of food in various compartments, chemoreception, ANS, endocrine cells and hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs before food enters the stomach. Based on sight, smell etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on peptide response, stretch receptors and ANS stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted in the gastric phase, stimulating HCl and pepsinogen secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Response of the duodenum to chyme |
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Term
| Gastric inhibitory peptide... |
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Definition
| Secreted in the intestinal phase in response to fatty acids to inhibit pepsinogen and HCl secrtion |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted in the intestinal phase to stimulate pancrease and inhibit the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| The sodium/glucose cotransporter from intestinal lumen to epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Fructose facilitated transporter |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilitates transport from the intestinal lumen to epithelial cells for various sugars |
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Term
| The levels of Na and K in the intestinal lumen and epithelial cells of the intestine is regulated by... |
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Definition
| An energy dependent basolateral pump |
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Term
| Absorption of monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerols occurs by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Triglycerides are broken down during diffusion and... |
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Definition
| Resynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| Small fat droplets formed in the Golgi before undergoing exocytosis |
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Term
| Lymph (involved in fat) is located in... |
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Definition
| the intercellular space to become blood later |
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Term
| Essential amino acids are... |
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Definition
| Those that cannot be synthesized by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Metals for enzymes, cofactors, involved in redox reactions, oxygen transport and shells bones. Charged ions that must be taken up and may be trace elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diverse and chemically unrelated organic substance group required in small quantities and function primarily as cofactors for enzymes. |
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