Term
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Definition
| food sis suspended in animal's environment |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on object that animal is living on |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on fluid that animal is on |
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Term
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Definition
| eating a chunk, whole, or piece of another animal |
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Term
| example of each of four feedings |
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Definition
| suspension - whale, seaworm; susbstrate - caterpillar (eats leaf); fluid - mosquito; bulk - lion |
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Term
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Definition
| typically going in through mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolyze pieces into small molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| getting nutrients into cells |
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Term
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Definition
| getting rid of waste products |
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Term
| what happens to polymers in chemical digestion? |
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Definition
| they are broken down into monomers |
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Term
| what houses hydrolytic enzymes for most animals? |
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Definition
| food compartments (where digestion takes place) |
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Term
| what is special about the cells of sponges? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do sponges digest their food? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are food vacuoles located in sponegs? |
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Definition
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Term
| two examples of cnidarians |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of digestive compartment do cnidarians & flatworms have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many openings does a gastrovascular cavity have & where? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does gastro mean? & vascular? |
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Definition
| gastro : stomach; vascular : pertaining to vessels |
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Term
| why is the second part of the swallowing reflex called "involuntary"? |
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Definition
| because it is not under our control |
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Term
| what does the pyloric sphincter regulate? |
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Definition
| the movement of chyme from stomach -> duodenum |
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Term
| which cells manufacture hydrochloric acid? |
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Definition
| the parietal cells of the stomach |
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Term
| in SI, what does amylase do? |
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Definition
| breaks starches down into maltose |
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Term
| what is the main purpose of LI? |
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Definition
| removal of water from indigestible food |
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Term
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Definition
| when something reduces the amount of mucous covering the walls of the intestine and acid begins eroding the stomach lining |
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Term
| what happens to muscles behind food during peristalsis movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are teeth responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most impt enzyme in saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the rhythmic relaxation and contraction of the smooth muscles in the alimentary canal |
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Term
| how does the epiglottis act after bolus enters esophagus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| break DNA/RNA into nucelotides |
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Term
| which structures move during swallowing reflux? |
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Definition
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Term
| what protects food from returning to esophagus after entering the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the purpose of bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| what prevents food from going from pharynx -> nasal cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is damage to the duodenum (SI) reduced? |
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Definition
| pancreas manufactures a bicarbonate (antacid) & mixes it with chyme |
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Term
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Definition
| partially digested material coming out of the stomach |
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Term
| what is the inside of the SI like? |
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Definition
| folded to increase surface area |
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Term
| how does pepsinogen convert into pepsin? |
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Definition
| by coming in contact with hydrochloric acid |
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Term
| what are the walls of the stomach protected from the acidity of the stomach by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where is bile added to chyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| what three organs do all animals w/ alimentary canal have? |
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Definition
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Term
| organs in arthropod (ex. grasshopper) |
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Definition
| mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach, intestine, anus |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestine, anus |
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Term
| what do the crop & gizzard do? |
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Definition
| store food ; grinds up food |
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Term
| what is reverse peristalsis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1. increase in surface area; 2. enzymes act on surface area; 3. larger surface area is digested faster |
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Term
| what is the value of salivary enzymes? |
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Definition
| begin the hydrolysis of starch |
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Term
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Definition
| pushes bolus of food into the pharynx |
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Term
| what is the swallowing reflex |
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Definition
| movement of food from pharynx into esophagus, while keeping it out of trachea |
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Term
| as food moves, what does soft palate do? |
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Definition
| moves up to block nasal passage |
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Term
| what does the epiglottis do? |
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Definition
| directs food to esophagus |
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Term
| as food moves, what does the epiglottis do? |
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Definition
| points downwards to cover trachea (it was previously pointed up) |
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Term
| how is the "sphincter" working through the swallowing reflex? (3) |
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Definition
| 1. it contracts (to keep air from entering); 2. it relaxes (to let food go down); 3. it contracts (to push down food) |
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Term
| where is the larynx located? |
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Definition
| at end of pharynx AKA it is the voicebox |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 aka 100,000 more than in body (pH of 7 in body) |
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Term
| what begins the hydrolysis of a protein? |
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Definition
| the pepsin in gastric juices in SI |
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Term
| how is acid chyme produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of parietal & chief cells |
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Definition
| 1. release hydrochloric acid in stomach ; 2. release pepsinogen in stomach |
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Term
| why is pepsin not released in active form? |
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Definition
| it would digest the stomach b/c stomach si made of proteins (muscle) |
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Term
| * what happens to enzymes in the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| major organ of chemical digestion |
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Definition
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Term
| where can bile be stored into? |
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Definition
| the gall bladder then empties into duodenum |
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Term
| which macromolecules are digested in duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
| after SI absorbs nutrients, where do they go? |
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Definition
| to the liver to be processed & stored |
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Term
| where do fats go after digestion in SI? |
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Definition
| they get absorbed into the lymph, being carried to liver |
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Term
| where do proteins & carbs go after digestion in SI? |
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Definition
| they get absorbed into blood |
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Term
| where is feces (undigested material) stored? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| brush border of SI; polypeptide; amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by salivary glands; starch; smaller polysaccharides & maltose |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by pancreas; starch; maltose |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas; polypeptide; amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas; polypeptide; small polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| lingual (tongue); triglycerides; glycerol & fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas; triglycerides; glycerol & fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| microvilli of the small intestine; maltose; glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas; DNA & RNA; nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| stomach (made in form of pepsinogen); polypeptide; smaller polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| microvilli of small intestine; sucrose; glucose & fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas; polypeptides; smaller polypeptides |
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Term
| which features in the mammalian gut increase surface area? |
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Definition
| cecum, small intestine, colon & stomach |
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Term
| why do you think invertebrates have different "infolding" from mammalians? |
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Definition
| they need to find a way in which they can increase their nutrient intake b/c they need more energy (cuz of their bigger size) |
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Term
| how do cnidarians increase surface area of inner gut? |
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Definition
| specialized cells lining the gut ingest food particles directly by phagocytosis (the engulfing & ingestion of bacteria, done by cells) |
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Term
| one common feature of the guts of fluid feeders |
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Definition
| have stomachs that are divided into 3 sections |
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Term
| why is it impt for fluid feeders to reduce the volume of their ingested food by absorbing water? |
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Definition
| it feeder receives sap only after most of water is removed |
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Term
| adv vs disadv of eating toxic plant (1 each) |
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Definition
| * large volumes are eaten so the protein needs are met ** diet is low in energy * quality (low protein), bulky * high volume |
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Term
| compare size of stomach, length of SI, & development of hind gut (cecum & colon) b/w carnivore & herbivore |
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Definition
| 1. dog & cow about the same (70%); 2. dog - 3-6x body length, 10-12x body length; 3. dog - colon is short & simple, cecum is poorly developed and may be absent, cow: colon is medium length, cecum is short to medium length |
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Term
| why is microbial fermentation impt? |
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Definition
| helps digest bulky, high fiber diets |
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Term
| why do carnivores have a low pH level compared to herbivores? |
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Definition
| cuz they eat meat (protein). in stomach, pepsin digests proteins. to convert pepsin -> pepsinogen, carnivore need low pH to convert pepsin -> pepsinogen |
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Term
| where is a protein began to be hydrolyzed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all cells lining glands/organs in the digestive system (esp SI) |
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