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Diet and Nutrition
Chapters 8-9 Minerals and Digestion
37
Medical
Undergraduate 1
09/27/2011

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Term
Minerals
Definition

* 4% of total body weight

* Help regulate bodily functions (like vitamins)

* Do NOT provide energy.

Term
Major Minerals
Definition

* Calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur and chloride.

 

* More than 5 g (1 tsp) present in body.

 

* Intake requirement:  100 mg or less daily.

Term
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition
* Secreted by parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) when calcium level is low.
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
* Secreted by thyroid gland when serum calcium level is too high.
Term
Calcium
Definition

Animal sources:  milk and milk products.

Plant sources:  turnip/mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, legumes & dried fruit.

Term
Milk-alkali syndrome
Definition

* 3rd most common cause of hypercalcemia.

* Associated with use of milk/cream antacids and postmenopausal women on calcium carbonate to prevent osteoporosis.

Term
Sodium
Definition

* 70% sodium in body is blood/extracellular

* 30% on surface of bone crystals

 

*Major role in maintaining fluid balance in body.

 

* Also necessary for transmission of electrical impulses along nerve/muscle membranes.

Term
Potassium
Definition
* Also helps in fluid balance, essentially for conduction of nerve impulses & muscle contractions (heart).
* Helps maintain body's electrolytes & acid-base balance.
* Normal value: 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L.
Term
Acidosis
Definition
When the body excretes hydrogen and retains sodium.
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
When the body excretes potassium to conserve hydrogen.
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
* Low potassium, less than 3.5 mEq/L.
* Can be fatal.
* Caused by increased losses in urine/stool/sweat; alkalosis; overhydration with plain water (athletes).
* Weak, irregular pulse; cardiac arrest.
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
* Level of iron in blood.
* Men: 14 - 18 g/100 mL blood.
* Women: 12 - 16 g/100 mL blood.
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
* Percentage of red blood cells in blood.
* Men: 40 - 54%
* Women: 36 - 46%
Term
Hemosiderin
Definition
Surplus iron stored in liver.
Term
Hemosiderosis
Definition
*When large amounts of hemosiderin are deposited in liver & spleen.
* If prolonged, can lead to hemochromatosis (disease of iron metabolism when iron accumulates in/damages tissues).
Term
Iodine
Definition
* Thyroid gland contains 70-80% of total iodine in body.
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
* Secretes T4 and T4 in response to TSH.
* T3 and T4 increase the rate of oxidation in cells, thereby increasing the rate of metabolism.
Term
Goiter
Definition
Enlargement of thyroid gland, caused when thyroid does not receive sufficient iodine.
Term
Intracellular Fluid
Definition
* Constitutes 65% of body water.
* Fluid inside cells.
Term
Extracellular Fluid
Definition
* Constitutes 35% of body water.
* Fluid outside cells.
Term
Water
Definition
* Largest single constituent of body.
* Body's need for water is more urgent than any other nutrient.
* Muscle: 70% water.
* Fat: 30% water.
* Bone: 10% water.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Movement of water (or another solvent) across a semipermeable membrane from an area with fewer particles to one with more particles.
Term
pH
Definition
* Potential of hydrogen.
* Measures acidity/alkalkinity.
* Acid: 0 - 6.999
* Neutral: 7
* Base (alkali): Greater than 7.
Term
Carbonic Acid
Definition
Breaks down CO2 and H2O which are excreted by lungs and kidneys.
Term
Water is a product of metabolism which yields about 1 cup/day in avg. person.
Definition
* 1 g carb produces 0.60 g water.
* 1 g fat produces 1.07 g water.
* 1 g protein produces 0.41 g water.
* 1 oz alcohol REQUIRES 8 oz water for metabolism.
* 1
Term
Heat Exhaustion
Definition
Loss of water in salt & sweat.
Term
Heat Stroke
Definition
Loss of body temperature regulation.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum of all physical & chemical changes that take place in body. Determines final use of nutrients & meds.
Term
Liver
Definition
Primary digestive function is production of bile (which breaks down dietary fats).
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
Concentrates & stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.
Term
Mechanical Digestion
Definition
Physical breaking down of food into smaller pieces.
Term
Chemical Digestion
Definition
Involves the splitting of complex molecules into simpler forms (saliva, pancreatic enzymes, intestinal juices).
Term
End Products
Definition
* Carbs = monosaccharides
* Fats = glycerol, fatty acids & monoglycerides.
* Protein = amino acids and small peptides.
Term
Trypsin & Chymotrypsin
Definition
Two of the major pancreatic enzymes, have inactive precursors that are activated by other enzymes.
Term
Gut Failure
Definition
* When the small intestine fails to absorb nutrients properly.
* Symptoms: Diarrhea, malabsorption, poor response to oral feedings.
Term
Steatorrhea
Definition
Fat in the stools (caused by malabsorption).
Term
Gluten
Definition
* Present in wheat, rye and barley.
* Celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy).
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