Term
| What is the ultimate causes of alcoholism? |
|
Definition
The addictive nature of alcohol.
A family history of alcohol abuse.
Excessive stress. |
|
|
Term
| In 1977, what did the Dietary Goals for the United states declare? |
|
Definition
| They declared lipids to be the cause of the heart disease epidemic. |
|
|
Term
| What made up the base of the 'infamous food pyramid'? |
|
Definition
| Bread, cereal, rice and pasta. |
|
|
Term
| What is referred to as the “unspoken” ultimate cause of obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has obesity developed along with civilization? |
|
Definition
| Obesity has been rare throughout human history; civilizations and obesity developed together. |
|
|
Term
| 20% of obesity is genetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a risk for adult obesity if you are obese as a child? |
|
Definition
| Childhood obesity is associated with a 300% increased risk of adulthood obesity. |
|
|
Term
| The Thrifty-Gene Hypothesis: |
|
Definition
Assumes chronic food shortages prevented obesity
States humans are predisposed to gain weight for survival |
|
|
Term
| The adoption study by Dr. Stunkard found that: |
|
Definition
The fattest adoptees had the thinnest adoptive parents.
Children from obese biological parents tended to be obese in adulthood. |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy, the hormonal profile of the mother’s body: |
|
Definition
Determines the hormonal profile of the baby
Sets a tendency for high or low insulin levels
Affects the likelihood of their child becoming obese |
|
|
Term
| Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States from 1990 to 2010 found no association between increased calorie consumption and weight gain. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Calories in and calories out of the body are independent values. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, researchers sought to understand the physiological effects of starvation. Some of the participants eventually received less than 1000 calories per day. The following were physiological responses seen in these participants? |
|
Definition
Decrease in heart rate
Decrease in blood pressure
Loss of hair and nails |
|
|
Term
| Once the participants of the semi-starvation experiment started the recovery period, what did their weight do? |
|
Definition
| Increased until it was higher than it was prior to the experiment |
|
|
Term
| Is: "Calories in – Calories out = Body Fat" true? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is: "A 30% reduction in caloric intake results in a 30% decrease in caloric expenditure" true? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is: "Our body is not an isolated system" true? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An overweight male decides that to lose weight he should cut his caloric intake by 30%. His assumption is that due to less calories going into his body that less fat will be stored as a result. Is his assumption correct? |
|
Definition
| No, because decreased caloric intake leads to decreased caloric expenditure. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parameters of a body mass index that are considered overweight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are major adaptations to decreased caloric intake? |
|
Definition
Dramatic reduction in total energy expenditure.
An increase in hormonal signaling that causes hunger. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major satiety hormones? |
|
Definition
| Peptide YY, amylin, and cholecystokinin |
|
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Term
| Pharmaceutical methods (various weight loss supplements) aimed at mimicking a low calorie diet are more effective than actual low calorie diets in the long term. |
|
Definition
| False, these methods fail in long term in the same manner as low calorie diets. |
|
|
Term
| More calories in than calories out is known as caloric imbalance and is considered for people who may develop obesity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher weights and obesity levels are due to a recent decrease in exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diet and exercise have this ratio in importance toward losing weight, respectively. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A woman who exercises for three hours a day realizes with a start that after three months, her weight is more or less still the same. This is because: |
|
Definition
She is only exercising and not changing her diet, which is full of food such as pizza, potato chips, and popcorn.
She is overcompensating.
Her forms of exercise may be not be very heavy and she is not exerting herself to the best of her extent. |
|
|
Term
| A person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) can be dependent on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two patients walk into a clinic. The first patient (#1) had previously been diagnosed with obesity with a BMI of 30, and had recently lost significant weight to now be in the normal BMI range. The second patient (#2) had a normal BMI but recently gained significant weight to now be in the obese range with a BMI of 30. According to chapter 5 in the Obesity code, what is happening to the metabolism of these two patients. |
|
Definition
| Patient 1s metabolism is slowing down in an effort gain weight and go back to the previous obese state while patient 2s metabolism is speeding up in an effort to lose weight and go back to the previous lean state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein is released by fat cells
goes to the brain to turn down hunger and prevent further fat storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of the brain
is a key regulator of energy balance |
|
|
Term
| What is the overfeeding paradox |
|
Definition
| excess calories alone are not sufficient for weight gain- in contrast to the calorie reduction theory |
|
|
Term
| Eating more is not the cause of weight gain but instead the consequence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a solution to the 'Eat Less, Move More' caloric-reduction model? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On a pathological level, what is a cause of extremely low levels of insulin? |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells |
|
|
Term
| Insulin is then broken down and rapidly cleared from the blood with a half-life of only ___ minutes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the article, "Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ", the endocrine factor adipsin is greatly downregulated in rodent obesity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin helps transport dietary glucose out of the bloodstream and into glycogen stores in the liver via de novo glycogenesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when we don’t eat, body breaks down glycogen, converts it to glucose. Should keep blood sugar levels normal, but diabetics have higher blood sugar in the morning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as soon as you inject, will remove sugar from bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slowly released, keep levels stable. Work overnight and as the day goes on. |
|
|
Term
| In which treatment would you expect to see the greatest weight gain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin |
|
|
Term
| Leptin levels ____ with body fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Insulinomas common in diabetic patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main question in obesity is how to lower insulin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of prednisone? |
|
Definition
| Long term prednisone dosage can lead to insulin resistance, and diabetes. |
|
|
Term
| Does cortisol lead to muscle breakdown? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol leads to muscle breakdown. |
|
|
Term
| Prolonged cortisol stimulation will _______ glucose levels and ______ insulin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sleep deprivation will _______ cortisol levels and stress will ______ them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushing's syndrome is denoted by? |
|
Definition
moon face
abdominal striae
truncal obesity
buffalo hump |
|
|
Term
| signs and symptoms of low cortisol |
|
Definition
Hypoglycaemia
anaemia
High ACTH / MSH
Pigmentation changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintain blood pressure in stress
increase bone formation
decrease immune function
increase insulin resistance
increase gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol affects immune function by inhibiting |
|
Definition
leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis
leukocyte adhesion
histamine release
eosinophil production
IL-2 production |
|
|
Term
| Effects of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
osteoporosis,
muscle breakdown,
hypertension,
avascular necrosis (femoral head) |
|
|
Term
| Are carbohydrates are the only driver of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural satiety signals are hormones that are extremely powerful deterrents to overeating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the missing link to the connection between insulin and obesity |
|
Definition
Sugar seemed to contribute more to obesity
There is a difference between eating rice and eating wheat
Exercise is a major factor that can decrease obesity
Insulin resistance is the missing link
The Atkins diet was not good enough. |
|
|
Term
| What other diet was comparable to the Atkins diet: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is wrong with eating refined carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| Highly refined processed foods don’t trigger the release of satiety hormones. |
|
|
Term
| What major player of obesity is both time dependent and independent of diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organs are considered main compartments involved in insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin resistance is considered a hidden force behind which diseases? |
|
Definition
Obesity
Alzheimer’s disease
Heart disease
Down syndrome
Diabetes |
|
|
Term
| It is recommended and proved that eating 5 to 6 meals a day helps raise the rate of metabolism and help an individual lose weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two prerequisites of insulin resistance are high levels of insulin and constant stimulus of insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since resistance to drugs, antibiotics, cocaine, and alcohol develops in response to high, persistent levels, raising the dosage in fact raises the resistance. Insulin resistance also displays this basic homeostatic mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin resistance itself leads to higher fasting insulin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient presents with a tumor you have not seen before and her insulin levels are significantly elevated. What is the preferred way to remove this type of tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regard to insulin and obesity, what are the two most critical components of insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
| Meal composition and meal timing |
|
|
Term
| What is a myth perpetuated to convince people that snacking is beneficial? |
|
Definition
Eating frequently controls hunger
Eating frequently keeps blood glucose from becoming too low
Eating frequently will increase your metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| Every morning, before we wake up, our natural circadian rhythm gives our bodies a mixture of what 4 substances? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| Companies paid ____ for 1 to ____ products and were given a discount at ____ products. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true about most breakfast eaters? |
|
Definition
They eat an average of 539 calories more than non-breakfast eaters.
They are likely to eat sugary foods and refined carbohydrates for breakfast.
They increase their number of eating opportunities in the day.
They were more likely than not, taught morning hunger over decades starting in childhood. |
|
|
Term
| Many people force themselves to eat more in an effort to lose weight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The correct treatment for both diabetes and obesity is to increase insulin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| States with the least poverty tend to have the most obesity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| food-reward hypothesis says: |
|
Definition
| the rewarding quality of food causes overeating |
|
|
Term
| What fruit receives the most federal aid of all the fruits and vegetables? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drives obesity in the poor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drives obesity in the Pima Indians? |
|
Definition
| Highly refined carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A popular theory
A possible factor that causes hormonal disruption |
|
|
Term
| Fetal macrosomia is a term that is used to describe a fetus that is large for their gestational age. Which of the following best explains this occurrence? |
|
Definition
| High maternal levels of insulin transmitted to the fetus |
|
|
Term
| Studies and programs conducted to determine what measures should be taken to decrease the occurrence in childhood obesity. The Eat Less, Move More group taught children to eat less caloric food and increase exercise while the Memphis Girls Health Enrichment Multi-site studies taught children that they should eat high caloric foods , reduce sugar intake, and drink more water. The results of both of these studies suggested that: |
|
Definition
| Calories do not drive weight gain, therefore reducing or increasing them will not lead to weight loss |
|
|
Term
| A low-fat, low-calorie diet combined with exercise is a proven effective way to lose weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Australian Romp and Chomp study aimed to decrease the consumption of high-sugar drinks and consumption of energy-dense snacks. This study proved that reducing high-sugar intake and consumption of refined carbohydrates, will reduce insulin secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does fetal insulin secretion begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does reducing calories lead to weight loss. |
|
Definition
| Calories do not drive weight gain → reducing does not lead to weight loss |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Sucrose (Table sugar) and High Fructose Corn Syrup? |
|
Definition
| High Fructose Corn Syrup contains more fructose than sucrose does. |
|
|
Term
| Reasons manufacturers use for their inclusion of High Fructose Corn Syrup? |
|
Definition
Extends Shelf Life
Has a Low Glycemic Index
Is Sweeter Than Glucose |
|
|
Term
| Fructose causes a _________ in short term insulin levels, and causes a __________ in long term insulin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fructose is an unhealthy food additive because of its high glycemic index value. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver is the only organ which can process Fructose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Artificial Sweeteners were originally synthesized as a drink additive for diabetics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regular sugar is 300 times sweeter than Stevia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use for Food additives/Refined carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studies sponsored by ________ did not show a relationship between sugar sweetened drinks and weight gain. Independent studies showed ________. |
|
Definition
| Food companies; the exact opposite results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dr. David Ludwig conducted a study with overweight adolescents, in which half were given water/diet drinks and the other half continued drinking their regular sodas. After two years the results showed: |
|
Definition
| No significant weight change between the two groups |
|
|
Term
| how much of a watermelon serving would correspond to 50 grams of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of a corn tortilla serving would correspond to 50 grams of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dietary proteins and fats appreciably raise blood glucose , and are included in the glycemic index. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An estimated 99 percent of all wheat grown worldwide is dwarf or semi-dwarf variety. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are white flour starch branched chains called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be produced in liver, or also be found in certain foods. |
|
|
Term
| LDL vs HDL cholesterol in treatment of atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
LDL main type in atherosclerosis, called bad cholesterol.
HDL good cholesterol.
increase HDL and reduce LDL when treating high cholesterol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A normal artery wall consists of three main layers.
Tunica intima - A thin smooth layer that lines the inside of the artery to help blood flow.
Tunica media - A muscular elastic layer that helps the artery poles to push blood around the body.
Tunica adventitia - And a tough outer layer to protect the artery. |
|
|
Term
| Contributing factors to atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
Smoking
high blood pressure
diabetes
high cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps/stages in atherosclerosis development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do people with atherosclerosis always show symptoms |
|
Definition
| No, some can be asymptomatic and are at risk of sudden death |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
he symptoms depend on the site of the affected artery
heart it can manifest as chest pains / angina
brain as a type of mini stroke called transient ischemic attacks
legs as a cramp light condition called intermittent claudication which can result in amputation of the limb |
|
|
Term
| Is there danger associated with an atherosclerotic plaque rupturing? |
|
Definition
| If a plaque ruptures the resulting blood clot may block the artery and cause a heart attack or a stroke which can often be fatal |
|
|
Term
| Is there danger associated with an atherosclerosis weakening the artery wall? |
|
Definition
Atherosclerosis may cause the artery wall to weaken causing it to bulge under the pressure from the blood.
This bulge called an aneurysm can rupture and the resulting bleed called a hemorrhage can be fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Does not circulate
Degraded in the liver
Does not raise blood sugar
Tastes sweeter |
|
|
Term
| Why does fructose have a low glycemic index? |
|
Definition
| Because it does not cause insulin release |
|
|
Term
| Glycemic index associated with high/low |
|
Definition
Low-glycemic < 55, gradual rise in blood sugar.
Intermediate-glycemic 55-70
High-glycemic >70 |
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|
