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Diabetes
Diabetes
88
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
03/07/2011

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Term
Type 1 dabetes is characterized by the destruction of?
Definition
pancreatic beta cells
Term
what are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus?
Definition
type 1 a immune mediated diabetes and type 1b idiopathic non immune diabetes
Term
what kind of immune mediated response causes the destruction of beta cells?
Definition
it is immune mediated
Term
how fast does diabetes type 1 develope?
Definition
it is rapid is children and slower in adults, know as delayed type 1 diabetes
Term
type 1 diabetes is a catabolic disorder, what is it characterized by?
Definition
it is characterized by an absolute lack of insulin, elevated BG, and breakdown of fats and proteins
Term
the absolute lack of insulin in type 1 diabetes can put them at risk for?
Definition
ketoacidosis. 
Term
what are 2 actions of insulin?
Definition
the inhibition of fat breakdown and the release of fatty acids from fat cells
Term
how does ketosis develop?
Definition
in the absence of insulin, fatty acids are released from fat cells and converted to ketones
Term
type 1 diabetes requires 
Definition
exoginous insulin replacement
Term
diabeted type 1 is...
Definition
multifactorial!
Term
type 1A is thought to be what kind of disorder?
Definition
an autoimmune disorder
Term
what kind of enviornmental triggerign event would instigate type 1?
Definition
an infection of t mediated hypersensitivity. 
Term
t or f: type 1 A diabetes associated autoantibodies may exist years before onsent of hypoglycemia? 
Definition
true!
Term
what is the honeymoon period?
Definition
symtoms of diabetes can dissapear bc beta cells regenerate but it's a short period bc it returns
Term
when no autoantibody is present what is it called?
Definition
idiopathic type 1b. it's inherited and found in asians. ketoacidosis is common
Term
type 2 diabetes is a heteroginous condition that has ...?
Definition
hyperglycemia in associated with relative insulin deficiency
Term
what 3 things contribute to type 2 diabetes?
Definition
insulin resistance, weird secretion of insulin via beta cells, and increase glucose production by the liver
Term
t or f: persons with type 2 diabetes can have low, normal, and high BS?
Definition
true!
Term
what does insulin resistance stimulate?
Definition
it stimulates the release of insulin which can cause hyperinsulinemia
Term
what causes hyperinsulinemia?
Definition
the beta cells as they try and maintain a normal blood sugar level. 
Term
in time, the increased demand for insulin secretion will lead to?
Definition
beta cell exhaustion
Term
what is insulin resistance?
Definition
when the affects of insulin are less than expect for glucose disposal and supression of glucose production
Term
what things that originate from adipose tissue modulate insulin action?
Definition
hormones, cytokines, and metabolic fuels such as FFA's.
Term
what are causes of beta cell dysfunction?
Definition
an initial decrease in beta cell mass due to genetic or prenatal factors
Term
what other thigns can cause beta cell dysfunction?
Definition
beta cll exhaustion due to long standing insulin resistance
Term
what is lipotoxicity?
Definition
the toxic affects of lipids on beta cells
Term
insulin resistance will contribute to what in type 2 diabetes?
Definition
it will contribute to hyperglycemia
Term
what are some things that can trigger metabolic syndrom?
Definition
obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL's and hypertension.
Term
why do obese people tend to get hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia?
Definition
because they have increased resistance to to insulin and impaired supression of glucose production by the liver
Term
how does intra-abdominal fat affect insulin?
Definition
it causes insulin resistance
Term
an elevation in FFA's can cause?
Definition
it can cause beta cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and inhibiting glucose uptake
Term
how do increase FFA in the circulation cause increased hepatic glucose production?
Definition
it cause hyperglycemia by reducing the hepatic insulin sensitivity
Term
macrosomia
Definition
large body
Term
polyuria
Definition
excessive peeing. it cannot be absorbed by renal tubules so which causes glycosuria and excessive loss of water in urine
Term
polydipsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
why do we get polydipsia?
Definition
as glucose levels rise, water is pulled out of the cell, including the hypothalamic thirst center
Term
polyphagia
Definition
excessive hunger
Term
why is polyphagia commonly found in type 1 diabetes and not type 2?
Definition
because of cellular starvation and the depletion of carbs, fats, and proteins
Term
what are symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Definition
blurred vision, fatigue, and skin infections
Term
what is a normal fasting blood glucose?
Definition
bellow 100mg/dL
Term
at what blood sugar do we diagnose the person as having diabetes?
Definition
126 mg/dL or greater
Term
when should blood glucose levels return back to normal?
Definition
within 2 to 3 hours
Term
although excersize is recomended for diabetics, what can happen if it gets out of control?
Definition
hypoglycemia can occur. 
Term
what does the pancreas secrete?
Definition
glucagon
Term
what does the liver produce?
Definition
glucose
Term
what do the intestines absorb?
Definition
carbs
Term
diabetic ketoacidosis has...?
Definition
the mobilization of fatty acids which leads to ketone production
Term
what are common symptoms of ketoacidosis?
Definition
lathargy, vomiting, and abdominal pain
Term
stress causes the increase of what hormone?
Definition
it causes a release in gluconeogenic hormones
Term
what things can instigate diabetic ketoacidosis?
Definition
physical/emotional stress, infection, pregnancy, or anxiety. 
Term
what are the 3 major metabolic derangements in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Definition
hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis
Term
what blood sugar should ur blood be at to be diagnosed with DKA?
Definition
greter than 250 mg/dL
Term
what should the ph be of DKA?
Definition
lower than 7.3
Term
t or f: in DKA sodium levels can be normal but the potassium levels will be VERY low?
Definition
true!
Term
why do we get metabolic acidosis with DKA?
Definition
it is caused by excess ketoacids that require buffering by bicarbonte ions, which decreases serum bicarbonate levels. 
Term
why do we get fruity breath with DKA?
Definition
it is due to volatile ketoacids
Term
kussmals respirations are found in DKA. what do they do?
Definition
it is the bodies way of trying to fight the decreasing ph of the body
Term
t or f: it is nessecary to add potassium to the IV after diagnosis of DKA?
Definition
true!
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
high insulin levels and low blood glucose
Term
hypoglycemia is most common with what type of diabetes?
Definition
type 1 because it can be due to a mistake in their insulin pump
Term
because the brain relies on blood glucose, hypoglycemia will affect it how?
Definition
it will alter cerebral function
Term
what are common symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Definition
headache, confusion, coma and siezures
Term
at the onset of hypoglycemia the parasympathetic nervous system will activate what?
Definition
it will activate hunger
Term
after the parasympathetic nervous system is activated what will occur?
Definition
the sympathetic nervous system will be activated. sweating, anxiety, tachycardia
Term
what is the blood sugar for hypoglycemia?
Definition
less then 50-60 mg/dL
Term
what triglyceride do we want to keep lowered for diabetics and why?
Definition
we want to keep LDL levels low to prevent inflammation
Term
what do alpha cells secrete?
Definition
glucagon, they maintain the blood sugar between meals and with fasting
Term
what do beta cells secrete?
Definition
insulin
Term
alpha cells stimulate the liver to release?
Definition
glucose
Term
the liver stores glucose as?
Definition
glycogen
Term
what is the insulin action?
Definition
promotes glucose uptake by target cells, glycogen and protein synthesis
Term
what is the insulin action continued?
Definition
it facilitates the transport of glucose intoskeletal muscle and adipose tissue
Term
insulin release is on what kind of feedback system?
Definition
negative
Term
insulin secretion
Definition
increase in bld glucose->increased insulin from beta cells->glucose goes into cells
Term
insulin secretion continued...
Definition
decrease in blood glucose->decreased secretion of insulin
Term
blindness is what kind of vacular problem?
Definition
microvascular problem
Term
hat are severe complications that come from diabetes?
Definition
blindness, amputation of limbs, and kidney disease
Term
when the body cant's get glucose (carbs) its gets it's energy from what?
Definition
protein and lipids. when it does this it can cause diabetic ketoacidosis
Term
in type 1 diabetes what is happening to the alpha cells since the beta cells don't work?
Definition
the alpha cells are releasing glucagon whch causes the liver to release glucose. they will eventually get exhausted bc they only normal work with supplying glucose between meals. 
Term
what automimmune disease can start type 1 diabetes?
Definition
graves disese and pernicious anemia
Term
prediabetic blood sugar levels are what?
Definition
no greater than 100-125 mg/dL fasting blood sugar
Term
after 2 hours fo eating a meal, prediabetics will have what blood sugar?
Definition
140-199 mg/dL
Term
what are low levels of HDL in men and woman which can contribute to metabolic syndrom?
Definition
woman-50. men-40
Term
type 2 diabetics have what blood pressure?
Definition
140/90
Term
glycosylated hemoglobin A1C
Definition
measures glucose over 6-12 weeks
Term
what are macrovascular affects of diabetes?
Definition
stroke, PAD, CAD
Term
what are microvascular affects of diabetes?
Definition
neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy
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