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| Counter Regulatory Hormones |
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Definition
| Hormones that work against the action of insulin, raising blood glucose levels in response to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). |
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| Very high blood glucose in the early morning due to the release of certain hormones in the middle of the night. |
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Definition
a problem that occurs in people with diabetes. It occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin. Fat is used for fuel instead.
Byproducts of fat breakdown, called ketones, build up in the body. |
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Definition
| kidney disease or damage that occurs in people with diabetes. Characterized by high protein levels in the urine. |
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| Diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
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Definition
| nerve damage caused by diabetes. |
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Definition
| damage to the eye's retina that occurs with long-term diabetes. |
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Term
| Gestational diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy (especially during third trimester of pregnancy). Affects 3-10% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied. |
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. |
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Definition
a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.
It is one of the two main mechanisms humans and many other animals use to keep blood glucose levels from dropping too low (hypoglycemia). The other means of maintaining blood glucose levels is through the degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis). |
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Definition
| the excretion of glucose into the urine. |
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| a molecule that serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue. Glycogen is made primarily by the liver and the muscles, but can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stomach |
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Definition
| is the conversion of glycogen polymers to glucose monomers. |
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Definition
| Glycated hemoglobin;a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. |
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Term
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome |
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Definition
| a complication of type 2 diabetes that involves extremely high blood sugar (glucose) levels without the presence of ketones. Ketones are byproducts of fat breakdown. |
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Term
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Definition
Polyphagia - frequent hunger, especially pronounced hunger
Polydipsia - frequent thirst, especially excessive thirst
Polyuria - frequent urination
Blurred vision |
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Term
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Definition
Double vision or blurry vision
Fast or pounding heartbeat
Feeling cranky or acting aggressive
Feeling nervous
Headache
Hunger
Shaking or trembling |
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Definition
| having it without knowing |
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Term
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Definition
| more commonly known as pre-diabetes refers to a condition in which the fasting blood glucose level is consistently elevated above what is considered normal levels; |
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Term
| Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is |
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Definition
| a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology. IGT may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years. IGT is also a risk factor for mortality |
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Definition
| a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a person with diabetes becomes confused or even unconscious because of hypoglycemia caused by insulin or oral diabetic medications. |
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Definition
| tissues in the body – particularly muscle and fat tissues- do not respond appropriately to insulin. In fact, more insulin is needed to elicit the same response from these tissues. |
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Definition
| A condition in which abnormally high amounts of ketone bodies (a byproduct of the breakdown of cells) are present in the urine. Ketonuria is a sign seen in diabetes mellitus that is out of control. |
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Term
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Definition
| three water-soluble compounds, acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney. They are used as a source of energy in the heart and brain. |
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Definition
| the term describing the localized loss of fat tissue. This may occur as a result of subcutanous injections of insulin in the treatment of diabetes, |
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Definition
| a medical condition characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's adipose tissue. |
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Term
| Macrovascular disease is: |
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Definition
| a disease of any large (macro) blood vessels in the body. |
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Definition
| occurs when the kidney leaks small amounts of albumin into the urine, in other words, when there is an abnormally high permeability for albumin in the renal glomerulus. |
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Definition
| increased urination caused by the presence of certain substances in the small tubes of the kidneys. |
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Definition
| Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is synthesized, packaged, and secreted in pancreatic beta cells. |
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Definition
| a medical symptom in which the patient displays excessive thirst. |
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Definition
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| a rebounding high blood sugar that is a response to low blood sugar. Somogyi showed that excessive insulin makes diabetes unstable, |
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Definition
| is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. |
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Definition
| is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.[2] Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. |
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Definition
25.8 million children and adults in the United States—8.3% of the population—have diabetes.
Diagnosed: 18.8 million people
Undiagnosed: 7.0 million people
Prediabetes: 79 million people* |
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Term
| population at risk, cultural issues, risk factors |
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Definition
Age 65 years or older, 10.9 million, or 26.9% of all people in this age group have diabetes
13.3% for Mexican Americans
12.6% of non-Hispanic blacks |
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Term
| A glucose tolerance test is |
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Definition
| a medical test in which glucose is given and blood samples taken afterward to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is a rapid-acting insulin, used to help control the spike in blood sugar that occurs after meals. It is typically used in combination with a long-acting insulin. Insulin lispro can also be used in an insulin pump. |
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Term
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Definition
| an intermediate-acting insulin given to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an insulin with an intermediate duration of action. It has an onset of action 2-4 hours after injection, a peak activity 6-12 hours after injection, and a duration of action of 18 to 26 hours. |
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Definition
| a long-acting insulin with an onset of action 4-8 hours after injection, a peak effect 10-30 hours after injection, and a duration of action of more than 36 hours. |
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Definition
| marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the name Lantus, is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, given once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. |
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Definition
| a class of antidiabetic drugs that are used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2. They act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. |
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Term
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are: |
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Definition
| oral anti-diabetic drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2 that work by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such as starch and table sugar). |
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Term
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Definition
| aka "Glinides", are a class of drugs used treat diabetes type 2.(Prandin)These drugs should be taken 0-30 minutes prior to eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug usually indicated in cases of type II diabetes for decreasing blood sugar. |
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Term
| Microvascular complications |
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Definition
| The organs most sensitive to a reduction in perfusion are the eyes, kidneys and nerves. |
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Term
| Macrovascular disease refers to |
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Definition
| atherosclerosis, or hardening, of the large arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis (blood sugar becomes high and the blood becomes abnormally acidic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state; is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and dehydration without significant ketoacidosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the recipient's native pancreas is left in place, and the donated pancreas is attached in a different location. In the event of rejection of the new pancreas which would quickly cause life-threatening diabetes, the recipient could not survive without the native pancreas still in place. Patients with pancreatic cancer are not eligible for valuable pancreatic transplantations, since the condition has a very high mortality rate and the disease, being highly malignant, could and probably would soon return. |
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Term
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Definition
| (impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose) |
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Term
| Differentiate between the classification of prediabetes and diabetes |
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Definition
Pre-diabetes means your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, yet not high enough to be categorized as type 2 diabetes. Levels above 100 and up to 125 mg/dl indicate impaired fasting glucose, or pre-diabetes.
If levels are 126 mg/dl and above on two separate testing dates, the diagnosis would be diabetes. |
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