Term
| Women who get gestational diabetes will almost certainly get ________ later. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ ________ was found in 68% of diabetes-related death certificates in people ages 65 and older. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a long, tapered gland behind the stomach. The ______ ___ _______ contain hormone-producing cells. |
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Definition
| Pancreas, islets of langerhans |
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Term
| ____-cells produce glucagon, which _____ blood glucose by stimulating the liver and other cells to release stored _____. This is called _______. |
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Definition
| Alpha cells produce glucagon, increase blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. Glycogenolysis. |
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Term
| ***_____-cells produce insulin, which _____ blood glucose by facilitating transport ____ the cells |
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Definition
| Beta cells produce insulin, lowers blood glucose by facilitating transport into cells |
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Term
| *Type 1 diabetes has __ ____-cells, while type 2 diabetes has __ ____-cells |
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Definition
Type 1 has no beta cells
Type 2 has decreased beta cells |
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Term
| ______ cells produce somatostatin, which is believed to regulate release of _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| Delta cells, release of glucagon and insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| The body does not produce or properly use insulin |
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Term
| In diabetes Mellitus, the individual experience chronic __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______, _______, _____ ________, and ________ may induce diabetes. These people will _____ ______ diabetes!!! However, they may be able to _______ it with _____, but they are still _____. |
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Definition
| Steroids, stressors, weight gain, and illness may induce diabetes. These people will always have diabetes. They may be able to control it with diet, but they still have diabetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type 1, type 2, gestational, and pre-diabetes. |
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Term
| The major effect of glucose metabolism occurs in the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally, insulin is continuously released in small ______ increments, with ______ release with eating. The body also makes extra insulin under ______ and during _______. It makes less during ______. |
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Definition
| Pulsatile (basal). Increased with eating. The body makes extra insulin under stress and during exercise. It makes less during certain times of pregnancy. |
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Term
| When insulin is released, blood glucose ______, which regulates normal blood glucose at a level of __-____. Within 2 hours of eating, up to ____ is okay. Anything over ____ should be reported. |
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Definition
| BG decreases. Normal BG is 70-120, up to 140 within 2 hours of eating is okay. Anything over 170 should be reported. |
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Term
| When ____ isn't properly produced, glucose spills into _____, pulls _____ from cells, causing _______. Excess glucose is stored as _____ in the _____. |
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Definition
| When insulin isn't produced properly, glucose spills into the urine and pulls fluid from the cells causing dehydration. Excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen. |
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Term
| _________ is a biologically inactive peptide formed when beta cells of the pancreas convert proinsulin to insulin. |
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Definition
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Term
| C-peptide greater than __ng/ml can be managed without _____. Lower than that is usually ____ _ _______. |
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Definition
C-peptide greater than 18ng/ml can usually be managed without insulin
Less than that is usually type 1 diabetes. |
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Term
| What does the hemoglobin A1C test tell us? |
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Definition
| The sugar that has been circulating in the blood for the past 3 months. |
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Term
| Normal range of hemoglobin A1C is __-___%. In poorly controlled diabetes it's ____% or above, in well-controlled diabetes, it's less than __%. We want to see A1C below __%!!! |
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Definition
4-5.9%.
Maybe be 8% or above in poorly controlled diabetes. It's 7% or below in well-controlled diabetes.
***We want to see 6% or below. At this level, the patient is MUCH less likely to see complications from diabetes. |
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Term
BOTH type 1 and type 2 diabetes have these three defining signs and symptoms:
Additionally, both may experience _____ _____. This is because the ____ _____ near the eyes are so _____, they are damaged easily by poor circulation. |
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Definition
1. Poluria
2. Polyphagia
3. Polydypsia
Blurred vision, the blood vessels around the eyes are so small they are easily damaged. |
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Term
_____ _______ (_______ _) is a group of disorders that have insulin resistance as their main feature. The people are ______-shaped. It is associated with a collection of health-related problems, like _______.
They don't respond to drug therapy, but _____ or ______ does seem to help. |
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Definition
Metabolic X syndrome (syndrome X)
Apple-shaped
PCOS
Metformin or glucofage. PCOS is often put on this whether their sugar is impaired or not. |
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Term
| Fasting blood glucose rante of __-___is normal. Over _____, the patient really needs to be watched, as this is impaired. >____ fasting glucose is usually provisional diagnosis of diabetes. |
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Definition
| 70-99 is normal. Over 100 needs to be watched carefully. >126 is provisional diagnosis of diabetes. |
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Term
2 hour post glucose load less than _____ is okay
2 hr post glucose ___-___ is impaired
2 hr post glucose load > or = ___ is diabetes |
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Definition
less than 140 is okay
140-199 is impaired
> or = 200 is diabetes |
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Term
Lantus (glagine) cannot be ____________.
It is most effective when taken at _________.
Patients may also need a ____-____ insulin prior large, between-meal snacks.
Lantus has __ _____ peak, therefor may have ______ hypoglycemia
If engaging in intense physical activity, may need to _____ the does in the evening prior or _________ |
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Definition
Lantus cannot be mixed with other insulins in the same syringe.
Most effective when taken at a consistent time.
May also need a rapid-acting insulin prior to large, between-meal snacks.
Lantus has no pronounced peak, therefor may have reduced hypoglycemia
If engaging in intense physical activity may need to lower the does the evening prior or add an extra snack |
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Term
Insulin vials not in use should be stored at ______, and may be kept at _____ _____ for ___ _____.
Store clouding insulin syringes _____ to ____ ____. |
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Definition
Insulin vials not in use should be stored at room temp, and may be kept at room temp for one month after opening.
Store cloudy insulin syringes vertically to avoid clumps. |
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Term
Injection sites
_______: best for AM injections
_______: best for midday injections
_______: best for evening injections
_______: best for bedtime injections |
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Definition
Abdomen: AM
Arms: midday
Legs: evening
Buttocks: bedtime |
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Term
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Definition
Problem with inulin therapy
Early morning (2-3am) low BS
Normal/elevated BS at bedtime
High fasting BS
Wide fluctuations
Response to counter-regulatory hormones
H/A in AM, night sweats, nightmares
Treatment: increase evening or predinner insulin |
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