Term
| Why should you as an RDH know the orofacial complex? |
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Definition
if you know how & when structures develop & form, you can explain it to your patients.
Developmental defects happen in the first few weeks of pregnancy – may need to advise patients against bad habits |
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Term
| • At 3 weeks, the embryo is only __________ in size |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
primitive mouth
• -Shallow depression below the forehead
• -Forms the oral cavity |
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Term
Below the stomodeum are
• -These are U-shaped bilateral swellings of tissue
• -Stacked on top of each other |
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Definition
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Term
• Pharyngeal Arch #1
• 2 processes are formed: |
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Definition
1. mandibular process- forms below the stomodeum
2. maxillary process- forms above the stomodeum |
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Term
mandibular processes fuse together to form=
maxillary processes fuse together to form= |
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Definition
mandibular processes fuse together to form=the mandible
maxillary processes fuse together to form= the upper lip, maxilla, zygomatic bones of the cheek & palatal bones |
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Term
| Week 4 ½: on the outer surface of the embryo, rounded areas of thickened tissue are developing = |
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Definition
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Term
| placodes developed at week |
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Definition
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Term
| Placodes develop into pits which are |
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Definition
| sensory organs. Eyes, nose & ears come from these: [lens, otic, nasal placodes] |
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Term
form on the anterior portion of the frontonasal process, just above the stomodeum
• -what do they develop into? |
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Definition
| Nasal Pits. Develop into the nasal cavities |
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Term
| Tissue on the inside (medially) of the nasal pits begins to grow & swell = |
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Definition
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Term
| medial nasal processes grow towards each other & fuse by week |
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Definition
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Term
| week 4: Maxillary processes start to |
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Definition
| enlarge & grow towards the midline |
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Term
| week 4: Maxillary processes start to |
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Definition
| enlarge & grow towards the midline |
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Term
| [**what 2 processes form the upper lip? at what week? |
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Definition
| Max & medial nasal processes grow towards each other & fuse to form the upper lip. 6th week |
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Term
| • Developmental Problems of the Upper Lip |
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Definition
| • Cleft Lip: unilateral & bilateral |
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Term
| why does cleft lip occur? |
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Definition
| when medial nasal and maxillary processes don't fuse together. can be unilateral on 1 side, or bilateral on both sides. |
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Term
• Bilateral Cleft Lip
• Definition: |
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Definition
| when medial nasal processes don’t fuse together, or with either max process [both sides] -- Hare lip |
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Term
| in what week does a cleft lip develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are risk factors for cleft lip? |
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Definition
a. hereditary: if your family has a history of it, you are more likely to get it
b. environmental: greater risk of birth defects in pregnant women who abuse |
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Term
| **Most common area of occurrence for cleft lip |
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Definition
| between the maxillary lateral incisor & maxillary canine [Anterior teeth may be missing or displaced in this area] |
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Term
| 3 problems caused by cleft lip |
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Definition
1. speech
2. appearance
3. eating/ nourishment |
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Term
| 3 treatment options for cleft lip |
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Definition
1. surgery
2. speech therapy
3. dental treatment, as needed |
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Term
| • Formation of the palate occurs at what week? |
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Definition
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Term
| • Formation of the palate: involves what 2 processes |
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Definition
| [same two processes] medial nasal & maxillary processes |
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Term
| • Palate is made up of 2 separate processes: |
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Definition
| primary palate & secondary palate |
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Term
| Medial nasal processes form a V-shaped wedge of tissue that is located in the area of the max central & lateral incisors...called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| primary palate forms the anterior ________ of the hard palate |
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Definition
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Term
| when does the secondary palate form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bilateral maxillary processes: form 2 small ledges of tissue called |
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Definition
| palatal processes or palatal shelves |
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Term
| Palatal shelves start to fuse __________ with the primary plate, continues ________ |
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Definition
anteriorly; backwards
[toward the throat as shelves fuse together] |
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Term
| palatal shelves also fuse with the _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the Secondary palate forms _____________ of the hard palate |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary palate forms 3 things: |
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Definition
1. posterior 2/3 of hard palate
2. soft palate
3. uvula |
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Term
| result of the fusion of the palatal shelves= |
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Definition
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Term
| • Developmental Problems of the Palate? |
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Definition
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Term
| • 4 types of cleft palate |
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Definition
a. unilateral [one side didn’t fuse]
b. bilateral [both sides didn’t fuse]
c. combination cleft lip & palate
d. cleft uvula |
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Term
• Unilateral Cleft Palate
• Occurs when ?
results in? |
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Definition
only 1 of the 2 palatal shelves fuses with the nasal septum
• Result: an opening from the oral cavity into one side of the nasal cavity |
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Term
• Bilateral Cleft Palate
occurs when...?
results in...? |
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Definition
• Neither palatal shelf fuses with the nasal septum
• Result: openings from oral cavity into both sides of the nasal cavity |
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Term
| • Mildest form of cleft palate |
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Definition
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Term
| When is cleft palate developed: |
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Definition
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Term
| cleft palate risk factors: |
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Definition
| • Factors: hereditary & environmental |
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Term
| cleft palate problems? (4) |
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Definition
| • Problems: speech, appearance, eating, oronasal infections |
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Term
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Definition
• Surgery: to close the space
[should be done around 18 months, no negative memory of surgery]
Obturator: to close the gap [like a partial, blocks nasal cavity]
• Speech therapy
• Dental treatment, as needed |
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Term
| close the gap for a cleft palate |
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Definition
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Term
• Tongue Development
• Begins |
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Definition
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Term
| tongue development begins with two... |
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Definition
| U-shaped bars of tissue on the anterior surface of the developing embryo |
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Term
U-shaped bars of tissue on the anterior surface of the developing embryo
• These are called |
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Definition
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Term
| • 4 ½ weeks: tongue begins to develop as a swelling that arises out of |
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Definition
| the back part of the pharyngeal arches |
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Term
a swelling that arises out of the back part of the pharyngeal arches
• This is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| the anterior 2/3 of tongue develops from |
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Definition
| tuberculum impar and two lateral swellings |
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Term
| fusion line of the two lateral swellings |
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Definition
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Term
| ?Posterior to anterior swellings form the base of the tongue |
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Definition
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Term
| copula fuses with anterior portion of the tongue at week |
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Definition
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Term
| when the copula fuses with anterior portion of the tongue it is called |
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Definition
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Term
| V-shaped border that points backwards, towards the throat |
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Definition
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Term
| • Elevated structures scattered mostly on the dorsal surface of the tongue |
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Definition
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Term
| • Circumvallate papillae location, size, number? |
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Definition
Location: v-shaped row 2/3 of the way back on the tongue (separates the anterior portion from the posterior portion)
Number: 13
Size: large, circular, or mushroom shaped |
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Term
| function of circumvallate papilla is taste, how? (3) |
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Definition
1. they sit on the tongue with taste buds & grooves or trenches surrounding them
2. Von Ebner’s glands: sit under the papilla
3. these glands open into the trenches & was out old tastes so that we’re ready to accept new ones |
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Term
| small round dots [red dots you can see] (papillae) |
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Definition
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Term
| how many fungiform papillae? [in comparison with the others] |
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Definition
| fewer than filiform (but more than circumvallate or foliate) |
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Term
| function and number of fungiform |
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Definition
• Size/shape: small round dots [red dots you can see]
• Number: fewer than filiform (but more than circumvallate or foliate)
• Location: anterior 2/3 of tongue
• Function: taste
• Their taste buds sit on top of the papilla |
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Term
| Problems Associated with Filiform Papilla |
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Definition
“Black hairy tongue”
“Glossitis”
“Geographic Tongue” |
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Term
What is “Black hairy tongue”?
What is the result?
Treatment? |
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Definition
Papilla grow long & normal shedding of the epithelium doesn’t happen,
Result=thick layer of dead cells build up on the dorsal surface.
brush and scrape tongue |
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Term
what is the cause of glossitis?
what does it look like?
treatment? |
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Definition
Here the papilla is missing in areas on the dorsal & ventral surfaces of the tongue
• Can look smooth & shiny
• Can occur with certain vitamin deficiencies
• Due to inflammation or infection of the tongue
• Treated by antibiotics antifungals & possibly steroids |
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Term
what is geographic tongue?
location and appearance?
treatment? |
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Definition
Location: dorsal & lateral surfaces, mostly
• Appearance: red, pink whitish patches
• Why? Groups of filiform papilla are undergoing changes in the keratinazation of epithelium
• Shows that filiform papilla are sensitive to changes in their environment
• Treatment: none |
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Term
| • Possible Problems Associated with Foliate Papilla |
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Definition
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Term
How many foliate papilla are there?
what do they look like and where are they located?
function? |
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Definition
Size/shape: vertical, slat-like, with rough ridges
• Location: lateral surface of posterior border
• Number: 4-11
• Function: taste |
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Term
| papilla ranked by numbers...? |
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Definition
• Most? #1 Filiform
• Next? #2 Fungiform
• Next? #3 Circumvallate 13
• Least? #4 Foliate 4-11 |
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Term
• Small, barrel-shaped bodies
• Have nerve endings that perceive taste |
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Definition
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Term
| when do taste buds develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 locations that taste buds appear |
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Definition
1. tongue (mostly)
2. soft palate
3. epiglottis
4. pharynx, oropharynx, larynx |
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Term
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Definition
• Bitter, Salty, Sour, Sweet………and
• Umami |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| • Taste buds across the tongue & mouth contain small groups of cells that enable each bud to detect ________ flavor |
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Definition
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Term
Fissured Tongue
• Also known as: _____________
is characterized by what? |
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Definition
| scrotal tongue; folds & fissures on the dorsal surface |
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Term
| fissured tongue is asymptomatic unless |
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Definition
| food lodges in folds: could cause inflammation |
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Term
| • Developmental Disturbance of the Tongue (5) |
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Definition
Aglossia = NO tongue
• Macroglossia: large tongue
• Microglossia: small tongue
• Bifurcation of tongue: didn’t fuse properly
• Ankyloglossia: tongue-tied |
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Term
what causes ankyloglossa?
problems?
treatment? |
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Definition
Due to: short frenum attachment to tip of tongue
• Treatment: may stretch out in time, otherwise surgery plus speech therapy
• Problems: makes speech difficult |
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Term
| Problems associated with tongue piercings: |
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Definition
| recession & bone loss around lingual anteriors. Buccal anteriors: tissue abnormalities. |
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Term
| vertical line dividing arch in ½ |
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Definition
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Term
| ¼ of an arch, divided by midline |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| that portion of the tooth covered by enamel |
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Term
| Root: that portion of the tooth covered by ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enamel: hard, mineralized tissue which covers the anatomical crown of a tooth (hardest living body tissue) |
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Term
| : hard tissue that forms the majority of the tooth (surrounds pulp) |
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Definition
dentin
[--It surrounds the pulp cavity and is covered by enamel in the crown portion, & is covered by cementum in the root] |
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Term
that portion of the tooth that is inside the dentin of both the crown & the root of the tooth
It contains the living soft tissue in a vital tooth |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts of the pulp cavity: |
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Definition
1) pulp chamber: that portion found in crown
a) pulp horns: pointed elongations of the pulp chamber (top horns) |
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Term
| pulp canal (location; 2 parts) |
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Definition
that portion found in the root of the tooth
a) pulp apex: tip of the root (apical)
b) apical foramen: the opening at the apex of the root (where nutrients enter tooth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cementoenamel junction-where the enamel of the crown and cementum of the root, meet (neck or cervical area) |
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Term
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Definition
| Dentinoenamel junction-where the enamel of the crown and the dentin meet |
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Term
| surface towards the gum tissue or neck of tooth |
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Definition
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Term
| anterior teeth=chewing surface |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crown portion: going in the direction of the crown (directional term) |
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Term
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Definition
| root portion: going in the direction of the root (opposite coronal) |
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Term
| a set of natural teeth in the jawbone |
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Definition
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Term
| how many dentitions do humans have? what are they called? |
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Definition
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Term
| : milk, baby, temporary or deciduous are other names for |
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Definition
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Term
| Other names: mature, secondary, adult |
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Definition
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Term
There are 3 dentition stages
What are they measured* by? |
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Definition
1)Primary
2)Mixed
3)Permanent
measured by time |
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Term
| Range of primary dentition, when does it begin and end? |
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Definition
Range: 6 months to 6 years
Begins: with the eruption of the primary mandibular central incisors (o/p)
Ends: with the eruption of the permanent mandibular first molar (19/30) |
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Term
| Range of mixed dentition, when does it begin and end? jawbone growth? |
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Definition
Range: 6 yrs – 12 yrs
Begins: with the eruption of the permanent mandibular first molar (19/30)
Ends: with the exfoliation of the primary maxillary canine (C/H)
Transitional period: both primary and perm teeth are present “ugly duckling stage”
Jawbone growth: grows the MOST during this period |
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Term
| Permanent Dentition age range, jawbone growth, begins, ends |
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Definition
Range: 12 yrs +++++
Begins: with the exfoliation of the primary maxillary canine (C/H)
Ends: never, unless totally edentulous
Jawbone growth: shows the least amount during this stage |
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Term
| 2 types o tooth numbering systems? |
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Definition
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Term
Universal numbering system: primary dentition uses letters.... A-?
Palmer uses A-? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is tooth form important? (3) |
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Definition
a. for function of chewing (mastication)
b. role of speech
c. aesthetics (the way the teeth help shape the face) |
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Term
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Definition
| incising; to cut or make an incision; biting |
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Term
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Definition
pierce; tear; hold; grasp
a) protects jaw joint during lateral (side to side) movement |
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Term
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Definition
Functions: (transitional teeth)
1) assist canines with tearing (1st premolar)
2) assist molars in grinding (2nd premolar) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| that portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel (fairly consistent over a lifetime) |
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Term
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Definition
| the visible portion of the tooth, not covered by the gingiva (this changes over time with inflammation, recession,etc). anything you can see when you look in the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| portion covered by cementum |
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Term
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Definition
| : the portion of the tooth that you CAN’T see (this will change due to recession, etc.) |
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Term
| Triangular shaped space between adjacent teeth, cervical to the contact area (usually filled with tissue in a healthy mouth) |
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Definition
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Term
| contact areas become more __________ located as you go from anterior teeth to posterior teeth |
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Definition
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Term
| importance of contact areas |
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Definition
Aids in stabilization of the arch – one missing tooth can affect several surrounding teeth trying to compensate for the huge gap
-Prevents food impaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many embrasures does each tooth have? name them |
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Definition
4
. incisal/occlusal – on surface, opposite interproximal space
Cervical/gingival (same as interproximal)
Facial (which includes labial or buccal)
Lingual (palatal) |
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Term
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Definition
Anteriorly: impt in aesthetics
Act as spillways for food: self-cleaning mechanism where food just slides off the teeth, unless teeth are malaligned which then there can be issues. Important for embrasures to be perfectly aligned.
Stimulates the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Dentition – primary or permanent
Arch – maxillary or mandibular
Quad – right or left
Tooth type – central incisor, 1st premolar, 3rd molar |
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Term
| Facial & lingual contours of teeth also allow for the __________ of tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| over contour, under contour affects tooth how? |
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Definition
Over contour=no stimulation
Under contour=tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| off the teeth and away from gingiva at the correct angle |
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Term
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Definition
| the surface formed by the junction of 2 tooth surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface formed by the junction of 3 tooth surfaces |
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Term
| The correct order for combining the names of surfaces is: |
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Definition
A. mesial or distal
B. facial or lingual (which includes buccal, labial or palatal)
C. incisal or occlusal |
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Term
| *on exam: 5. ALWAYS identify whether it is a |
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Definition
| line angle or point angle |
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