Term
| What is Thomas Malthus' view of population? |
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Definition
without the practice of moral restraint, the population tends to increase at a greater rate than its means of subsistence, resulting in the population checks of war, famine, and epidemic
- food production will not possibly increase fast enough to be sufficient. |
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Term
| What was Thomas Malthus' book called |
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Definition
| Essays on the principles of population |
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Term
| what are positive checks? |
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Definition
factors increasing mortality - war, famine, disease
very anti poor stance |
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Term
| what are preventative checks? |
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Definition
| factors reducing fertility - moral restraint, contraception, abortion |
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Term
| what kind of checks did Malthus champion? |
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Definition
positive checks
he was against interference - states should withdraw from population control and let nature take care of it |
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Term
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Definition
a social philosophy which advocates the improvement of human hereditary traits through various forms of intervention (steralizing).
- says those with genetic defects should not procreate
- Nazi Germany and Soviet Union. |
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Term
| name a strong proponent of Eugenics |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the author of the Tragedy of the Commons hypothesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Tragedy of the Commons hypothesis assert? |
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Definition
- pro-population control by the government
- pro-assisted suicide
- anti-immigration
- anti-immigration
- must privatize the 'commons' because then individuals would feel more invested in making it better.
- overpopulation harms the world as a whole because the more people there are, the fewer resources there are available to each person. |
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Term
| What is the problem with the Tragedy of the Commons hypothesis? |
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Definition
| It is not based on historical truth. Historians say there is evidence that people did take care of the commons.- Susan Cox |
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Term
| What was the movie The Human Laboratory about? |
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Definition
Norplant use in India
- contraception - 6 implants in the arm release hormones for 5 years.
- over 40/100 women on Norplant had loss of eyesight.
- was used on women in India with no informed consent - doctors would not remove it
- George Bush believes overpopulation is a greater national threat than nuclear threats
- in the Philippines they were lacing tetanus vaccines with anti-fertility drugs |
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Term
| What was Thomas Malthus the father of? |
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Definition
| demography - the study of population |
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Term
| What type of recommendations did Malthus make |
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Definition
- instead of recommending cleanliness to the poor, we should encourage contrary habits
- make streets narrower in towns
- crowd more people into houses and 'court' the return of the plague
- in the country we should build villages near stagnant pools and particularly encourage settlements in all marshy and unwholesome situations |
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Term
| What are examples of 'modern commons' |
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Definition
the ocean - overfishing
the air, land, rivers - pollution
the earth itself - overuse, exploitation |
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Term
| What is the self-regulation process known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was caught saying that pollution should be directed towards Africa because it was underpopulated and the air quality was better compared to Los Angeles |
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Definition
| Larry Summer, Chief Economist for the World Bank 1991 |
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Term
| What is the truth about population density |
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Definition
Germany and Britain are 5x as populated as Ethiopia and Kenya, 30x that of Congo.
Despite this, African countries are considered 'overpopulated' |
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Term
| What did Malthus argue was the source of poverty? |
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Definition
| the uselessness of the poor themselves- their own lack of morals and responsibility - including having too many children |
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Term
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Definition
a term used to describe the falling birth rates among US born white women
- could be prevented by the introduction of birth control to black people, immigrants, and the poor |
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Term
| Birth control was seen as a ___ for the privileged, and a ___ for the poor |
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Definition
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Term
| by 1932, at least 26 states had passed what laws |
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Definition
| compulsory sterilization laws |
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Term
| What effects did colonialism have upon birth rates? |
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Definition
In Africa - birth rates declining because of devastating effects of colonial rule
In Asia and the Caribbean - birth rates were high but there were high infant mortality rates under colonial rule. |
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Term
| What is developmentalism? |
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Definition
| an economic theory that states the best way for Third World countries to develop it through fostering a strong and varied internal market and to impose high tariffs on imported goods |
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Term
| Cold War population control |
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Definition
| epitomized the way malthusian discourse combines fear of a potential threat to the established order and existing distribution of resources with pathologising the behaviour of the poor as a cause of their own poverty |
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Term
| How did outsourcing low-paid work intersect with population control |
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Definition
| the US needed women workers in a global south to outsource jobs too and therefore required a reduction in women's fertility to facilitate their entry into the labour market. |
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Term
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Definition
US government would give assistance to those ‘developing countries who establish programs to check population growth’
• In 1966, President Johnson announced that population control would receive federal funding |
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Term
| What 3 well established ropes of sexuality did Richard Patch, a US anthropologist and foreign policy advisor of 1950, use to expalin LA's incredible rate of fertility? |
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Definition
o (1) ‘Primitive’ and ‘bestial’ approach to the sex of indigenous people
o (2) Racialized hypermasculinity: ‘machismo,’ violent, excelling in sexual activity
o (3) Women (particularly Peruvian and Bolivian) as passive and dominated by men (ORIENTALISM!) |
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Term
| What is the People as Power discourse all about? |
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Definition
- the future of the nation is seen to depend on continuous growth - the need for people, often men, can be used for a variety of nationalist purposes, civil and military
-- If Japan's population declines it will cause labour shortages, sluggish economic growth, and higher tax burdens to support social services
- the pressure on women to bear more children can be a response to a national disaster that depleted the population |
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Term
| what 3 discourses tend to dominate nationalist policies of population control? |
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Definition
1) People as power
2) Eugenicist discourse
3) Malthusian discourse |
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Term
| What is the Eugenicist discourse all about? |
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Definition
Pseudo-science concerned not with the size of the nation, with with its 'quality'
- attempts to predetermine the quality of a nation via nature - the way of selective breeding - Pure Aryans were made to breed through a variety of economic and social initiatives.
- origins of 'new racism' in which culture and tradition become essentialized and biologized notions of genealogical difference and which were at the heart of the fear of being swamped by immigrants. |
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Term
| What is the Malthusian discourse all about? |
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Definition
In many developing countries, there is fear that unchecked population growth will bring national disaster.
- women are the 'captive' target of population control policies that are aimed at lowering the population overall
- has become more than an ideology - a cornerstone of population policies in many 3rd world countries themselves
- highly engendered- more males valued
- Reagan admin gave 3 billion for population control as part of development aid |
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Term
| How is there a conflict between collective national interests and individual interests? |
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Definition
| -• When there is no social welfare, it is crucial to have enough healthy children to support them in their old age |
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