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| Durkheim’s term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. |
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| Anomie theory of deviance |
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| Robert Merton’s theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both. |
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| Going along with one’s peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior. |
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| A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms. |
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| A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties. |
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| A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions. |
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| Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society |
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| A theory of deviance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts. |
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| Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups. |
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| Social control carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers. |
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| The eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports: murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. |
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| Social control carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule. |
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| An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not. |
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| Governmental social control. |
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| Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. |
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| The work of a group that regulates relations among various criminal enterprises, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs. |
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| A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals. |
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| Routine activities theory |
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| The notion that criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and vulnerable targets converge. |
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| A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm. |
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| Social constructionist perspective |
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| An approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity. |
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| The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society |
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| Social disorganization theory |
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| An approach to deviance that attributes increase in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions |
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| Societal-reaction approach |
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| Another name for labeling theory. |
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| A label used to devalue members of certain social groups. |
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| Crime that occurs across multiple national borders. |
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| A questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime. |
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| A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. |
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| Illegal acts committed by affluent, “respectable” individuals in the course of business activities. |
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