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Definition
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| Jean Piaget popularized the three-mountains task in which children look at three mountains and a doll looks at the three mountains from the other side. This task shows that 2-7 year olds can often be characterized as _____________. |
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Definition
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| Lev Vygotsky argued that all of education should be aimed at children’s zone of proximal development, meaning: |
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Definition
| the tasks that are just a bit too hard to do on their own |
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Term
| Head Start programs in the United States have generally been shown to have only short-term effects on school achievement. |
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Definition
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| The original Project Head Start program was shown to have only short-term effects on school achievement. |
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Definition
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| Preschool children seem to use illogical thought: |
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Definition
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| Bob is worried about his three-year old daughter Anastasia who doesn’t like vegetables. According to research, which of the following is the most effective way for Bob to get Anastasia to eat vegetables? |
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Definition
| regularly offer veggies without pressuring her to try them |
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Term
| Diarrhea is a major cause of developmental impairments and deaths in developing countries. Which of the following is the most effective treatment of diarrhea, according to your textbook: |
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Definition
| low cost mix of water, sugar, salt |
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Term
| Bilingual children learn two words that refer to the same (overlapping) category like ‘peng-guo’ in Chinese and ‘apple’ in English. Learning two words to refer to the same category violates: |
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Definition
| the mutual exclusivity bias |
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Term
| Psychologists characterize autism as deficiencies in: |
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Definition
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Term
| According to your textbook, empathy does not necessarily lead to sympathy in preschoolers. Why not? |
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Definition
| Preschool children can be egocentric |
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Term
| According to Erikson, once children have established a sense of autonomy, the MOST IMPORTANT and overriding concern of development in the preschool years is: |
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Definition
| a sense of purposefulness |
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Term
| When my older daughter was 3 years old, she pointed out a young man wearing a pink bracelet, announcing in a very loud voice, “That’s a bad thing to do! His penis will fall off!”. Her announcement reflects knowledge about gender that is: |
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Definition
| fairly typical for her age |
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Term
| In your textbook, which of the following variables has been shown to be linked to liking to play with trucks? |
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| Fanny Mae and Lonnie Jean are both four-year old girls who scored at the norm on an intelligence test. Fanny Mae tends to be really shy and doesn’t like to talk to people. Lonnie Jean is very outgoing and makes friends easily. Assuming Fanny Mae and Lonnie Jean represent the average outcomes, which of the following predictions can be made for school: |
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Definition
| Lonnie Jean is likely to do better at school than Fanny Mae |
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| Ming-bo is a 3-year old girl growing up in Taiwan. On a recent trip to the market, Ming-bo threw a tantrum when her mother wouldn’t buy her the candy she wanted. According to your textbook, which of the following reactions by Ming-bo’s mother represents culturally-specific ‘adaptive shaming’ (i.e., adaptive in Taiwan but not among English-speaking Americans)? |
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Definition
| You embarrassed me in front of Mrs.Wong |
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Term
| Giuseppe is a 4-year old boy. You tell Giuseppe you are going to show him 10 objects for a brief glance and ask him to remember as many objects as he can. Which is the most likely estimate of how many objects he will predict he can remember? |
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| Jasmine, a 4-year old Canadian girl, would most likely argue that putting one’s feet on the dinner table is ________________ as stealing a candy bar. |
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Definition
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Term
| Your textbook argues that the most successful approach to childrearing is |
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Definition
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Term
| Augustus, a 5-year old enrolled in a preschool, often plays by himself. If you were the preschool teacher, which of the following kinds of solitary play would you find the most worrisome? |
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Definition
| Augustus kneads play dough over and over without ever really making anything |
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Term
| What is the most common developmental course of Attention Deficit-Hyperactive Disorder? |
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Definition
| ADHD usually persists over the lifespan |
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Term
| Challenges to whether or not there is a universal stage of concrete operational thinking as part of human development come from: |
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Definition
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Term
| If a psychologist announces that Benjamin is now capable of decentration, which of the following Piagetian tasks can he now pass? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements would demonstrate a second-order belief? |
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Definition
| "I think that you think that this quiz is stupid" |
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| Kinship studies have shown that there is a very small (practically non-existent) biological component to IQ. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following has been linked to obesity in children as a partially causal factor? |
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Definition
| heredity, tendency to buy high fat food, family stress, reduced sleep, tv watching |
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Term
| Recess contributes to school achievement if |
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Definition
| children engage socially with peers |
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| The United States outperforms most Western nations (including Canada) on tests of school achievement. |
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Definition
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| Why, according to your textbook, is English-only instruction favoured for minority-language children in the United States? |
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Definition
| Public opinion favours English-only instructions |
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Term
| Which of the following approaches works best, according to the textbook, for teaching children to read? |
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Definition
| A combination of whole-language & phonics approaches |
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Term
| Which of the following categories of peer non-acceptance is associated with the best adjustment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Samir, a 9-year old boy, did poorly on a math test. Which of the following responses on the part of Samir’s father is most likely to get him to try harder the next time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychologists generally recognize that different aspects of self-evaluations emerge in middle childhood. Which of the following is NOT one of those aspects? |
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Definition
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Term
| Your textbook argues that sibling rivalry: |
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Definition
| functions to make one sibling unique |
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Term
| The majority of single mothers with young children live in poverty in the U.S. |
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Definition
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| Throughout middle childhood, which of the following aspects of self-evaluations contributes most to children’s self-esteem? |
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Definition
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| In Asia, children are taught to respect authority figures. In middle childhood, Korean children generally: |
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Definition
| Disapprove of an authority figure telling to steal/act immorally |
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Definition
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| While divorce can lead to low academic achievement, difficulty with intimate ties, and other negative outcomes in adolescence, which of the following factors most strongly predicts children’s positive adjustment? |
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Definition
| Authoritative parenting style from both parents |
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Term
| School phobia in children aged 11-13 is due to: |
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Definition
| Some aspect of school not yet learned to be dealt with |
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Term
| When making decisions, teenagers, more than adults: |
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Definition
| rely on intuitive judgement |
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| Adolescents often appear gangly because ________ go through a growth spurt before __________. |
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Definition
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| In many elementary schools in Alberta, parent-school partnership is strongly encouraged. For teenagers, research has shown: |
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Definition
| parent-school partnership is still important because adolescents are affected by parents’ attitudes about the importance of education |
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| In tribal and village societies, not all adults reach formal operational thinking on the tasks that Piaget devised. Your textbook suggests that not reaching the formal operational stage may be linked to: |
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Definition
| lack of formal academic training |
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Term
| Bulimia nervosa is thought to be easier to treat than anorexia nervosa. |
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Definition
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Term
| Girls in industrialized nations of girls reach puberty earlier in the current generation than in previous generations. The most important factor contributing to this change, according to your textbook, is: |
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Definition
| increased rates of obesity |
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Term
| American adolescents become sexually active earlier, on average, than Canadian adolescents. Which of the following variables (were it true) is most likely to explain that difference? |
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Definition
| Less low SES adolescents in canada |
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Term
| After American students are assigned to a college preparatory track in high school, their academic progress _______________. When students are assigned to a vocational educational track, their academic progress _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Drinking alcohol during adolescence predicts: |
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Definition
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Term
| Early-maturing girls are often considered to be high status among their peers. |
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Definition
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Term
| The incidence of depression among adolescents is: |
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Definition
| about the same as that of adults |
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Term
| At the postconventional or principled level, how did Kohlberg propose that most people would solve Heinz’s dilemma? |
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Definition
| Supporting Heinz's stealing to save his wife |
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Term
| Sonia is a parentally oppressed Korean girl. According to the textbook, what is Sonia’s most likely reaction to her parents during adolescence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson identified adolescence as a time of identity crisis. Since then, |
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Definition
| Researchers agree, but think 'crisis' is massive overkill word, not traumatic. |
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| 16-year old John declares that he’ll never get married or have children because no one will ever love him. John’s identity status about his romantic future would best be captured by: |
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Definition
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Term
| Self esteem in adolescents |
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Definition
| is still related to parenting style |
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| Following Kohlberg, research on children’s moral development has generally shown: |
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Definition
| highest stages (past 4) are almost never reached |
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Term
| Religiously-involved adolescents generally: |
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Definition
| do more community service |
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| Approximately how many families with adolescents have seriously troubled relationships? |
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Definition
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| My 15-year old son hangs out at school with five other boys in a group my older daughter calls the “nerd herd” (they like math and robotics). Given how research suggests clique membership affects development in adolescent, which of the following would be the most appropriate reaction on my part: |
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Definition
| Clique membership will not affect his development |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth Hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| development of all tissue aside from brain and genitals |
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| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| development of throxine which develops brain and genitals |
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Term
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Definition
| kids emulate the diets of those around them |
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Term
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Definition
| issue when kids are not fed right, disease also contributes to malnutrition |
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Definition
| less disease now from immunizing. Us lags behind. hard to schedule, expensive, autism crazies |
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Definition
| ecological theory; reduce through measures and monitoring |
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Term
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Definition
| center of gravity lowers with age, can develop new skills |
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Definition
| example of development of fine motor skills. Can make representaional forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Becomes more eligible by age 5, mirror letters until able to read |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-7, time of more change in representational/symbolic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Detached from real world, several combined schemes |
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Definition
| appears around 2; make believe combining schemes with peers |
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Definition
| Strengthens mental abilities, attention, memory, self control, etc |
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Definition
| seeing a symbolic object as an object AND a symbol |
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Definition
| cannot distinguish another's POV from our own. Major lacking in preop. |
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Definition
| inanimate objects having lifelike qualities |
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Definition
| concept that physical aspect of a thing remain the same despite appearences |
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Definition
| focus on multiple aspects of a situation, neglecting other bits |
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Definition
| mentally cannot go through steps, then reverse direction. PART OF ANY LOGICAL OPERARATION |
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Term
| Hierarchal classification |
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Definition
| organizing based on classes and subclasses of similarities and differences |
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Term
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Definition
| preschoolers given tasks relavent to themselves can reason by analogy. Piaget was wrong! |
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Definition
| kids 2-3 classify based on category. Around 3-4 these get complex along with vocab |
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Definition
| adjusting support to match kid's performance. makes kids who are better at tough tasks |
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Definition
| broad scaffolding; expert assists newbie without direct communication. Good for cross cultures |
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Definition
| mental activities that improve remembering. Not done by young ones as they lack working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| help kids interpret day to day; general descriptions of what happens |
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Term
| Theory of mind / Metacognition |
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Definition
| thinking about thought. occurs by age 3, language causes it |
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Term
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Definition
| kid's effort to construct literature knowledge via informal experiences |
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Definition
| reflect and manipulate sound structure of spoken language. Rhyming and correct pronunciation |
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Definition
| order relationships by quantity.Happens by 14-16 months. Knowing 3 is more than 2. |
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Definition
| knowing that the last number in a sequence is the quantity of items in set. 1, 2, 3; there are 3. |
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Definition
| provides activity for kids, they pick, learning takes place through play. Better for kids, doesn't undermine motivation or effort |
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Definition
| structured lessons with practice and drills |
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Definition
| academic AND play. Found to be the best |
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Definition
| 1965, kids 1-2 play in preschool with parental development. Did way better in school. |
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Definition
| low SES viewers. BAD, reduces practice time and social engagement |
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Term
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Definition
| connect new words to concepts after a brief encounter. Builds vocab. 5 words a day when 2-6 |
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Definition
| several sources of info & social cues |
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Definition
| over extending grammatical rules; my car breaked, my feets hurt |
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Definition
| The practical/social side of language |
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Definition
| restructuring incorrect/innacurate speech to right form |
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Definition
| Elaborating on kid's speech, increases in complexity |
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Definition
| kids have a sense of purpose and are eager to do new stuff |
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Definition
| set of attributes/abilities, values that an individual has about themselves. |
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Definition
| judgement we make about our self worth |
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Term
| Prosocial/altrusitic behavior |
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Definition
| actions that benefit from another with no expected reward |
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Term
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Definition
| unoccupied onlooker/solo play |
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Definition
| plays near other kids, doesn't affect their behavior |
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Definition
| Separate play, exchange toys & make comments |
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Definition
| orient towards common goal |
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Term
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Definition
| help kid notice others' feelings by pointing them out |
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Term
| Proactive/social aggression |
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Definition
| kid needs to fulfill a desire, does so by unemotionally attacking another |
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Term
| reactive/hostile aggression |
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Definition
| response to provacation/blocked goal and is meant to hurt |
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Term
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Definition
Physical - punch
Verbal - teasing
Relational - gossip |
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Definition
| Association of sex with something in a manner according to stereotypes |
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Definition
| image of oneself as masculine/feminine |
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Definition
| scoring high for both masculine/feminine |
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Term
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Definition
| kid understands that sex is static despite changes in clothes/hair, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| IP approach to gender typing. Environment pressures & kid's cognition determine gender roles |
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Term
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Definition
| most successful, high acceptance and involvement. Adaptive control, appropriate autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
| low acceptance and involvement. high coercive control, inappropriate autonomy. |
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Definition
| warm and accepting. Uninvolved. WAY too much autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
| low acceptance and involvement. Indifference |
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Term
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Definition
| causes a mastery oriented approach to life. |
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Term
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Definition
| by age 3, kids are aware of strategies for emotional regulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| appears in second year of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Ineffective discipline, conflict ridden home, media violence |
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Term
| Chinese, hispanic, black, Caribbean |
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Definition
| parental warmth, high control. Impairs academic and social performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Ineffective discipline, hold a biased view against kid |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual & nervous system damage, learning and adjustment trouble |
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Term
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Definition
| slow, regular paces. Girls bigger by age 9. |
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Definition
| impaired by malnutrition, permanently impairs mental and physical growth |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed via family based intervention |
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Term
| 1st 2 years of elementary |
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Definition
| get sick a lot, immature immune system |
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Term
| Most common cause of hospital |
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Definition
| asthma; caused by heredity, stress, etc. Common in blacks and poors |
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Term
| Risks for academic, emotional, social difficulty |
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Definition
| chronic illness. Fixed via positive family relations |
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Term
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Definition
| girls outperform boys. Boys are best at gross, except those with balance |
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Term
| Common in middle school contributing to mental and social growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Assess strengths of peers and avoid challenging big peers |
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Definition
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Term
| Logically reasoned concrete info |
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Definition
| Concrete operational stage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cultural practices affect |
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Definition
| mastery of Piaget's tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| makes information easier to store and retrieve |
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Term
| Most effective means of teaching reading |
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Definition
| whole-language and phonetics |
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Term
| Intelligence is an interaction of inner and outer forces (analytical, creative, practical) |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| information processing skills |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Product of heredity and environment. black kids in wealthy homes do just as well as white kids |
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Term
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Definition
| affected by cultural forces. Stereotype threat: anxiety that hinders performance. Dynamic assessment helps perform better. |
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Term
| Have a slight edge on academic performance |
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Definition
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Term
| Have more motivated, critical, socially mature kids |
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Definition
| constructionist classrooms |
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Term
| Affect the low achievers, especially in public |
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Definition
| Self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Term
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Definition
| Divergent thinkers, best is to enroll in a special program |
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Term
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Definition
| flexibility, balance, agility, force |
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Term
| Plays a larger role in boys' genetic advantage than musclemass |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget, clear evidence of operations (mental action obeying logic) |
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Term
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Definition
| classify based on qualities like weight |
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Term
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Definition
| concrete operational kids can seriate mentally |
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Term
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Definition
| concrete operational have a better understanding of space |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representation of large scale places |
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Term
| Limitation of concrete operational thinking |
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Definition
| can only think about information perceived directly |
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Term
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Definition
| inattention & impulsive academic and social problems. Fixed with stimulants for frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| creating a relationship with 2 items not in the same category |
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Term
| industry versus inferiority |
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Definition
| conflict of middle childhood resolved positively when kids develop a sense of competence |
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Term
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Definition
| judgments of one’s own appearance ability and behavior in relation to those others |
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Term
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Definition
| blacks are high and Chinese/Japanese are low |
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Term
| Mastery orientated attributions |
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Definition
| crediting success to ability, can improve through effort attribute failure to factories that can be changed |
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Term
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Definition
| failures due to (in)ability, when succeeding assume it was external factors. Believe ability is fixed. |
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Term
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Definition
| internal, private, and aimed at controlling stress little can be done. done when problem-solving does not work. |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to imagine what other people maybe thinking and feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| collectives that generate unique values and standards or behavior, and establish structures. Organized on the basis of proximity, sex, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| likeability – the extent to which child is worthy as a social member. |
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Term
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Definition
| resemble each other; mixed-race classrooms will have mixed-race friends |
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Term
| peer acceptance categories |
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Definition
Popular children = are well liked
Rejected children = are disliked
Controversial children = both liked and disliked
Neglected children = seldom mentioned |
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Term
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Definition
Popular – prosocial children = combined academic and social competence Popular– antisocial children = kids who are good at sports but bad at school
Rejected – aggressive children = high rates of conflict, hyperactive, inattentive
Rejected– withdrawn children = passive and socially awkward |
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Term
| Controversial and neglected children |
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Definition
| usually well-adjusted, often bully others |
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Term
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Definition
| supervision which parents exercise general oversight, while letting kid take charge of moment |
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Term
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Definition
| not spoiled, not damaged, better off, higher self-esteem |
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Term
| Mothers-stepfather familie |
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Definition
| ages is determinant, older will be more irresponsible and act out |
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Term
| Father – stepmother families |
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Definition
| girls have a hard time getting along with new stepmother, eventually girls will benefit from support second mother |
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Term
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Definition
| kids without adults supervision after school |
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Term
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Definition
| about 5% of kids develop intense unmanageable fear, so long as not too intense most kids can deal with it |
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Term
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Definition
| first sign of puberty, rapid gain height and weight |
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Term
| Primary sexual characteristics |
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Definition
| growth of reproductive organs |
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Term
| Secondary sexual characteristics |
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Definition
| visible on the outside of body, breasts and pubic |
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Term
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Definition
| first menstruation. 12.5 for North Americans, 13 for Europeans. Between 10.5-15.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| first ejaculation, around 13.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| generational change in puberty’s onset age. Physical well being has a large impact. |
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Term
| Initiation of puberty growth |
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Definition
| affected by heredity, nutrition, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| adolescents stay up much later but need just as much sleep as kids |
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Term
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Definition
| conception and attitudes towards one’s physical appearance, White girls are more likely to have an internalized cultural ideal of attractiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| Young people starve themselves and you’re getting fat, 1% girls. |
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Term
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Definition
| eating disorder in which young people engage in dieting, then binging, then vomiting. Affects about 2-4 % |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest chances of getting an education, lowers chances of marriage, worsens economic circumstances |
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Term
| Hypothetico-deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| Piaget believed that adolescents exhibit this; deal with problems by starting with a hypothesis, which they deduce logical inferences, then they systematically determine which inference is correct |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget believed that around age 11 Young people develop the capacity for abstract, systematic, and scientific thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of Piaget’s operational stage, adolescents ability to evaluate the logic of statements without referring to real-world stuff |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive distortion; Piaget believed that adolescents consider themselves the focus of everyone’s attention |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive distortion; Piaget believed teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance; feeling very special and unique |
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Term
| Identity versus role confusion |
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Definition
| Erickson, conflict; if adolescent’s previous conflicts were negative or societally limited, they appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared. |
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Term
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Definition
| commitment to values, beliefs, and goals after a period of exploration. |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of ethnic group membership, attitudes that come along with that membership |
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Term
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Definition
| exploration without having reached commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| commitment in the absence of exploration |
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Term
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Definition
| apathetic state with a lack of exploration/commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict of minority and host culture |
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Term
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Definition
| explore and adopt values from both cultures |
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Term
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Definition
Postconventional/principled level
Preconventional level
Conventional level |
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Term
| Postconventional/principled level |
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Definition
| move beyond unquestioning support of social norms, define morality in terms of abstract principles that persist across all situations |
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Definition
| morality is externally controlled. Accept rules of authority by consequences. Punishment = bad behavior, rewards = good behavior |
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Definition
| conform to society not for self-interest, but because they want to maintain positive relationships |
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Term
| Influences on moral reasoning: |
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Definition
Parental practices
Schooling
Culture
Peer interaction |
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Definition
| HOW central morality is to the self concept. Affects moral behavior. |
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Definition
| sense of oneself as a separate individual |
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| groups of 5-7 friends, resemble each other’s background in terms of family, attitudes, values, etc |
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Definition
| Several cliques with similar values joining together |
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Definition
| as long as not too early, will promote sensitivity and individual development |
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Definition
| increased stereotyping of attitudes and behavior and movement towards a traditional gender identity. Early adolescence! |
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Definition
| particular events that have happened to us. Young children have almost exclusively episodic memory. |
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Definition
The meaning and contextual side of memory. Advanced.
Results from development of idea of narratives & sense of self, ideas about what happens in a life. Complex change. |
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Definition
| 2nd year of life. Can count two things. By 3rd year, can count three things. By 4th year, can know any number. |
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Definition
Complex language use
“dumb” language use (e.g., grammatical gender)
Lying, ?? Morality, autobio mem
Exact numbers 4 and greater
Taxonomic categories |
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Term
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Definition
Children are addressed in special ways.
Raised pitch, simple language forms, special words.
NOT all languages do this. Some cultures don’t talk to kids often at all…
NOT universal way for learning. |
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Term
| Talking about objects/actions |
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Definition
| Cross cultural differences in what we talk about. Talking about names of objects is Western. Asian families talk about appropriate actions/social relations. |
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Definition
| ; altering languages all the time. Spanish in New York do this. Often do this same code switching/not code switching as the adults around you; Ontario kids will speak EITHER French or English. |
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Definition
| phenomena that we cannot remember anything between 3 or 4. Asians cannot remember before 3.5/4. |
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Definition
Africans tell long and repetitive nature of stories get them attention.
Asians tell short and effective ones |
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Term
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Definition
• First, artificialism
• Second, egocentrism à living beings move; children override their own perceptual experience with a conceptual understanding of what must be the case.
• Third, belief in an invisible substance (air) that is always there, and its movements make the wind.
• One stage does NOT LEAD to another.
o Radically different ideas of how kids think |
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Term
| Wind study citation accuracy |
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Definition
| The textbook is accurate regarding JP’s choice of words (egocentrism and animistic thinking) and possibly even definitions, but seems to have missed the flavour. Egocentrism is not a failure of anything, but a use of one’s body/perspective to try to understand the world. |
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Definition
| more involved in autonomy and connectedness. More involved overall. Spending more time making them autonomous than connected. |
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Term
| Establish a role in a peer group |
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Definition
| (leader, rejected, neglected, controversial, unremarked) |
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Term
| focus of developmental studies is on: |
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Definition
How to read, write, math, science, geography
Teaching and gestures
Language: Immersion programs and skill transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| best is teaching kids to take information on as their own. Piagetian. |
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Definition
| is a crucial aspect for doing academic work. Stories are pretty akin to 5 paragraph essays… |
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Term
| self-fulfilling prophecies by Kulinski & Weinstein |
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Definition
| In Grades 3 and 5, achievement and/or self-expectations were different (in the expected directions). |
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Term
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Definition
Their self-concepts become more subtle:
Think they are either good or bad, boy or girl, ugly, pretty, etc. |
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Term
| Boys show more increasing dependence on |
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Definition
| appearance and athletic competence as part of their sense of self-worth than girls. |
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Term
| Girls show more increasing dependence on |
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Definition
| close friendships and social acceptance as part of their sense of self-worth than boys |
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Definition
appearance is the most predictive of their general sense of self-worth,
With job or scholastic competence following close behind |
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Definition
| Quasi experiment. Survey methodology. Longitudinal. |
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Term
| Rareness of quasi experiments |
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Definition
Social interactions become more relevant.
Kids language is better now, can express things.
Focused in school. Important. School is centric to achievement and stuff. |
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Definition
| want to do something that is not adaptive. |
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Definition
| offers 5 year olds 1 cookie NOW, or 2 cookies in 10 minutes. |
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Definition
for betterL fidget and stuff
for worse: smelling and tasting marshmallow |
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Definition
| suppressing dominant/automatic responses to stimuli |
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Definition
| holding information in mind |
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Definition
| guiding attention to focus on certain things while ignoring other things |
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Definition
| coping with emotional reactions to situations |
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Term
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Definition
ability to suppress dominant/automatic responses to stimuli.
Real world example: overriding “autopilot mode”
Remembering to head to grocery store, instead of driving home. |
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Term
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Definition
| connections not used grow back. You start needing these connections as you figure more things out. |
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Term
| To make a response more dominant |
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Definition
| you can repeat a task which occasionally requires a different action. |
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Term
| Tobacco-exposed children: |
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Definition
less able to regulate frustration during a “broken” computer game
less able to delay gratification |
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Term
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Definition
Become aware of how good you are relative to your peers.
Lots of focus on how adolescents develop from interaction with their peers.
Relationships with adolescents and their parents is a HUGE predictor of success. |
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Term
| Applicable theories for adolescence |
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Definition
Piaget: formal operational stage is not reached in all cultures, even in adults.
Hot & Cold Cognition: Neuroscience theory; Note link to information processing in that though patterns are altered. |
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Definition
| thinking about/with emotions, irrationality |
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Definition
| thinking in a strictly logical aspect. Rationality. fully present by age 13. However, at age 13, they are much more ruled by emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| males will drive twice a risky with an unknown male peer, 4 x as likely with a known peer. |
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Term
| Few theories for adolescents |
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Definition
o Other theories were made to address questions derived from philosophy – the origins of knowledge. This is targeted at childhood, origins of knowledge are not present in adolescence, not a lot is applicable. Mostly focused on kids.
• Piaget is still around because he did not focus on the ORIGINS only, he is still interested in the development up to true rationality. |
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Term
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Definition
NO SIGNIFICANT SEX difference in type
For boys, no significant effect whatsoever
For girls, clique membership was generally associated with positive outcomes. |
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Definition
Girls are seeking more interpersonal closeness
Boys are seeking more respect for who they are. |
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Term
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Definition
Fans of classical music were judged… than chart/indie pop:
More religious
Of higher social class
Older
And… than chart pop (i.e., no differences with indie)
More Likely to have more years of education than chart pop
More likely to be male than chart pop. |
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Term
| Speaking french in young kids |
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Definition
| less boy bias; knowing that there are feminine words, makes it less likely to assume all are boy objects. |
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Term
| Speaking french in older kids |
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Definition
| As they age, they can further extend gender concepts. Showed effects of french & gender. |
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