Term
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Definition
| Has effects on cognition and language development. Advantages in preschool years and old age. No difference when young adult. |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic approaches |
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Definition
Squeemish to see psychosexual urges in infants
End goals are just NOT there in psychoanalytic theory.
Most aesthetic reasons. Not the type of theory we are after.
North America doesn’t like him for development; considered to be oldschool.
•Francophones still like him |
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Term
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Definition
1) Be able to describe and SEE the behavior at hand. A framework.
Make that en everyday part of what is going on.
2) Explanation for what is happening
3) Make predictions about what is going to happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development is a constantly blooming flower. Different all the time |
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Term
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Definition
o Behaviorism/learning theory
o Piaget’s cognitive development theory
o Information processing
o Development cognitive neuroscience
o Vygotsky’s sociocultal theory |
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Term
| Behaviorism/learning theory |
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Definition
SIMPLE learning processes. How much of our behavior is explainable by these processes. Ie, operant conditioning.
Isn’t seen that much; psychologists focus on how HUMANS develop, not as animals like the theory accounts for. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variant of behaviorism; how simple learning mechanisms work in social contexts. How ID forms behavior. BANDURA. |
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Term
| Piaget's cognitive development |
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Definition
How we come to be rational thinkers. We first understand the world through sensorimotor processing. We then move away from that into abstract, rational thought.
• Ie., we first learn of numbers through counting objects. That develops into abstract knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
Input information into our minds
We then need to store it
We then need to act on that knowledge.
Much of what we know of working/short term memory comes from this theory. |
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Term
| Developmental cognitive neuroscience |
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Definition
New; took time for tech to develop. Brain is really critical in behavior. The way it deals with information, develops.
• Some processing also takes place.
As we get older, out brains advance, and that alters how we interact with the world.
Executive functions are related to selectively attending to what is important/irrelevant in the environment. STRONGLY related to the development of the frontal cortex. |
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Term
| vygotsky's sociocultural method |
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Definition
20's; took long time to translate, appeared in 60's. HOW children develop in their social, historical, cultural, context. All have an effect in the child’s development.
Showed that kids who went to school thought about the world in a much more decontextualized manner compared to those who did not go to school.
Differences in experience that have a large impact on how people think. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depends on theory/hypothesis/research question. Ethics @ u of are from tricouncil, not APA. Tough for development; cannot REALLY consent. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Total # of suicides for aboriginals are about 2.5 x as many as non-aboriginal. For young people, aboriginals are MUCH, higher; 5x more likely. |
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Term
| Variable of aboriginal suicide |
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Definition
Bands that had all of these factors had suicide rates of almost 0. Ones with 2 or less were massive.
• There is a causal relationship between access to cultural continuity factors and reductions in suicide rates. |
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Term
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Definition
Innate = Present at birth (the way human beings ARE).
There is development (possibly learning) that is present at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| If it isn’t there at birth, it is something that we learn. |
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Term
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Definition
| said we are a blank slate to be imprinted by surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infant means ‘without speaking’. Language is what makes us human. SO, we look at what infants CANNOT do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Philisophers study what CANNOT be done; psychs study what CAN. |
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Term
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Definition
| All senses are working; can see, recognize mom's voice, taste everything, recognize mom's smell, develops preferences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision changes the most.. Gets WAY better. Auditory also changes. Senses mofified by experience. |
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Term
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Definition
• Operant conditioning & classical conditioning
o Learning through habituation
• Imitation (vs. emulation)
o Doing the same behavior that another creature is done. This behavior won’t necessarily do it for the same goal. Humans are really good at doing the same thing, but not the same goal. Babies smile, but not to express kindness. |
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Term
| Why do researches care about imitating without same goal? |
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Definition
Innately predisposed to imitate?
Babies seeming humanly urges people to care for them. Empathy? A survival skill? |
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Term
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Definition
• Relative to other animals at birth, we suck. Cannot do much physically… Takes us ages to get to that point.
• Important for evolutionary psych. Why are we willing to look after babies? We are born at a very mature age due to the huge development in our brains. Big brain, small body. A balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| brush on baby's cheek, will look towards touch an open mouth |
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Term
| Core knowledge of infants |
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Definition
Thought that some are born with innate knowledge.• SUPER contentious
• Objects, space, number (causality?)
o Idea is that at birth we know that there are objects in the world. Then we are aware we can manipulate parts of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
• Incidence in Canada: 1 out of 1000 births?
o Tough to get moms to confess to drinking.
o VERY similar rates to American rates |
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Term
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Definition
• Difficulty learning, controlling impulses, getting along with others, planning etc. etc. etc.
o Gets you into legal trouble
• High proportion of Canada’s prison population has FASD |
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Term
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Definition
o Fiore 2009.
“Early exposure to ethanol (but not red wine) at the same alcohol concentration induces behavioral and brain neurotrophin alterations in young and adult mice.”
Mice exposed to red wine were fine. Mice exposed to ethanol were fucked; takes them a lot longer to learn to not run into dark room. Red wine was the same as the sucrose and water. |
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Term
| Why did the experimenters include a sucrose condition in the mouse FASD study? |
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Definition
| Because red wine reduces to sugar & so that we know it isn’t the sugar/calories causing effects. |
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Term
| What does the passive avoidance test measure in the FASD mouse thing? |
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Definition
| Emotionality. FASD increases urge to follow impulse. |
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Term
| What does the hippocampus, cerebullum, cortex have to do with alcohol? |
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Definition
| Where alcohol affects. Related to FASD, |
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Term
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Definition
| Campos. “infants with more crawling experience (regardless of when they start to crawl) are far more likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff” [also finding hidden objects] |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes the kinds of experiences kids have; changing psyche. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common way that changes occur during development. NOT causal, some kids don't need to crawl. |
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Term
| Locomotion & socioemotional development |
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Definition
| Psychoanalytics say crawling is the birth of humanhood.may increase opportunities for social signaling (communication), willfulness, autonomy, emotions, changes in family dynamics. |
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Term
| Crawling and fear of heights |
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Definition
Argument: crawling leads to differential use of visual optic flow
Crawling leads to experience of correlation among visual, vestibular and somatosensory patterns. Learning that room moves when they do, so a cliff is scary |
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Term
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Definition
o When we ask a why question
4 distinct answers
Function – ultimate cause; reproductive success payoff.
Causation – proximate causes; hardware & mechanisms
Ontogeny – developmental causes; how does it grow up to be so.
Phylogeny – Evolutionary causes; phylogenetic causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| MIGHT be experiences in the womb. Influence which genes are used. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Might be the answer ti big questions in life sciences |
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Term
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Definition
| Kant says there are some aspects of knowledge that MUST be innate. Knowledge of objects, numbers, and causality. |
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Term
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Definition
infants know by acting in the world
Space, time, number, reality, symbols, causality, self knowledge, etc.
Repetition in order to experience more about the world. Experiences of seeing, moving, and repeating make patterns. This leads to an idea of the outside world as something different from them. They can move though space.
Developed clinical method |
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Term
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Definition
Read Piaget, liked him. Felt he left out some important variables.
language (time that kids develop words, the language they use guides their thinking), history (historical context has ramifications for the way we think; tools such as computers), social interactions (CRUCIAL, |
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Term
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Definition
all collaborate. Don’t necessarily counteract each other.
• All about slightly different things. The ‘right’ theory is about the kind of research you are doing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meticulous (100s) of observations of their behavior from birth through over one year of age. |
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Term
| Preliminary circular reactions |
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Definition
| Simple motor habits; onset of anticipation of events |
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Term
| Tertiary circular reactions |
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Definition
| o Exploration of the properties of objects by acting on them in novel ways; imitation of novel behaviors; ability to search in several locations for a hidden object (accurate A-B search) |
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Term
| Long term consistency of temperament by Majdanzic |
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Definition
| • Young children who score low or high on dimensions of temperament tend to respond similarly when assessed again several months to a few years later and, occasionally, even into the adult years |
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Term
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Definition
o HIGH stability over time. All measure to contribute to predicting children’s positive emotional.
Really high stability |
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Term
| Two major types of theory for development. |
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Definition
| Continuous or discontinuous |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradually augmenting the same skills that were there in the first place. Mature people just have more complex means of reacting. |
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Term
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Definition
| new ways of understanding the world develop at age specific times. |
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Term
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Definition
| Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, behaving that characterize specific stages of development. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forces of the physical world working on nature |
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Term
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Definition
| Personal and environmental circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasis on heredity/nature or even environment/nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes can occur at any point in life |
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Term
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Definition
1) Development is lifelong
2) Multidimensional and multidirectional
3) Plastic
4) Affected by several interacting forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Events that link to age are predictable (walking after 1st bday) |
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Term
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Definition
| People born around the same time (cohorts) tend to be alike compared to the non-cohorts. |
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Term
| Nonnormative grade influences |
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Definition
| Irregular events happen only to one person and don't follow a path |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive/survival aspects of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimal time for certain elements of a person to emerge; when someone is responsive to environment. |
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Term
| Evolutionary development psychology |
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Definition
| understanding value of adaptivity in cognitive and social skills across ages |
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Term
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Definition
| HOW culture is transmitted to the next generation. Social interaction (talking to elders) is necessary for learning the ropes. |
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Term
| Ecological systems theory |
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Definition
| Views the person as developing in a diverse system of relationships affected by the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| help couples understand genetics & assess chances of birthing a potato. |
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Term
| Prenatal diagnostics method |
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Definition
| detects problems before birth |
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Term
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Definition
| more issues than non-adopted; increases with age of adoption |
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Term
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Definition
| Determined by 1) years of education, 2) prestige & skill of job, 3) income. Impacts family timing and dynamic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fail at giving best parental care |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that causes harm to developing fetus. Dose, heredity, age affect it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Big teratogen in 60's. Accutane is modern example. |
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Term
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Definition
| When baby can survive out of womb; 25 weeks. |
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Term
| Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND) |
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Definition
| 3 mental areas are impaired despite normal appearance. |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| slows growth, short eyelids, thin upper lip. Brain injury. |
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Term
| Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome(p-FAS) |
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Definition
| 2 of the facial deformations and brain injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectious disease that causes defects |
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Term
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Definition
| cat poop or infected meat causing eye/brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Rh negative mom might have Rh + baby; mom makes antibodies for baby's blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sick/drug addicted babies |
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Term
| 2 types of physical baby growth |
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Definition
| Cephalocaudal & proximodistal |
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Term
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Definition
| head to tail; lower body grows into head |
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Term
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Definition
| neat to far; head, chest, trunk grow. THEN arms and legs. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that aren't used lose their synapses; room for growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/2 brain's volume. Coat fibres in myelin. |
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Term
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Definition
| biggest bit of brain; most complex. Surrounds the rest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of labor on brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| areas not yet used are prime for learning |
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Term
| Experience-expectant brain growth |
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Definition
| young brains grow fast, rely on experiences to see, touch, and interact. |
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Term
| Experience-dependent brain growth |
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Definition
| additional growth occurs when doing specific tasks like writing or reading |
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Term
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Definition
| BEST practice, but no difference in emotional development. Slightly smarter if breastfed. |
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Term
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Definition
| wasted condition of body from no nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| SUPER low in protein; appears after weaning. Swollen tummies |
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Term
| Nonorganic failure to thrive |
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Definition
| Marasmus symptoms from no parental love. By 18 months old. |
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Term
| Classical conditioning in babies |
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Definition
| neutral stimulus paired with reflexive response. Baby CNS makes connection. |
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Term
| Operant conditioning in babies |
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Definition
| infants act, stimulus follows. Can increase (if +) or decrease (if -) |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual reduction in strength of response to repetitive stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| copying behavior of another person |
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Term
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Definition
| fire identically when a primate sees or hears an action, and carries out that action |
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Term
| Dynamic systems theory of motor development |
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Definition
| master of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. Blend together, making complex means of movement. |
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Term
| Cultural effects on motor movement |
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Definition
| Exist. Kenyan babies hold themselves up more. |
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Term
| Statistical learning capacity |
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Definition
| Analyzing speech patterns, acquire stock of speech structure for making meaning later on. LONG before speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| make sense of running streams of senses by perceiving as whole |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants look for static things helps in a constantly moving world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. Includes assimilation and accommodation. Balance of these makes more effective schema. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using current schemes to understand the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creating new schemes/adjusting to old ones when noticing current ones suck. |
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Term
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Definition
| New schemes are made & linked with old ones. Make a cognitive network. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget; up until 1 month all babies act the same |
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Term
| Primary circular reactions |
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Definition
| Piaget; 1-4 months babies gain voluntary control. |
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Term
| Secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
| Piaget; 4-8 months baby actions are aimed at repeating interesting things |
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Term
| Coordination of secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
| Piaget; 8-12 months intentional behavior. Finding things |
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Term
| Tertiary circular reactions |
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Definition
| Piaget; 12-18 months. Explore object's properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget; 18-24 months. Abstract depictions. Find out of sight things. |
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Term
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Definition
| udnerstanding things are still there when not depicted |
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Term
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Definition
| internal depictions of info the mind can manipulate. |
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Term
| Violation of expected event |
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Definition
| baby gets used to an event. Show an unexpected event; baby ins more intrigued by unexpected. |
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Term
| Core knowledge perspective |
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Definition
| babies are born with innate knowledge that allows for a grasp of new info. |
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Term
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Definition
| operate on & transform info in memory; increase odds we'll remember |
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Term
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Definition
| where senses are represented and briefly stored |
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Term
| Working/short term memory |
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Definition
| actively apply mental strategies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| notice when a stimuli is similar to one of the past |
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Term
|
Definition
| harder because remembering something not present |
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Term
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Definition
| Things a kid cannot do, but CAN do with skilled help |
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Term
| Home observation for measurement of environment (HOME) |
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Definition
| checklist of kids home quality via observation & interview |
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Term
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Definition
| innate system of univeral grammar enabling kids to speak anything once hearing enough sounds. Rule oriented. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 months, vowel noises babies make |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 months, consonant sounds babies make |
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Term
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Definition
| kids attend to same objects as caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| toddlers applying words too narrowly; dog is only THEIR dog. |
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Term
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Definition
| toddlers applying words too BROADLY; car for ANY vehicle |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 word utterances made of high-content words; jack hungry |
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Term
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Definition
| toddler's vocab is made of words refering to object |
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Term
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Definition
| rare; toddlers with more pronouns and social formulas |
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Term
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Definition
| communication made of short sentences with high pitch, clear pronunciation, pauses, repeated new words. |
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Term
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Definition
| if caring and sympathetic parents, trust-mistrust is balanced + |
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Term
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Definition
| Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust. Universal in humans and primates. Promoted survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Happiness; appears 6-10 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants get increasingly angry and sad |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd half of year 1; most frequently displayed as stranger anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| 8-10 months; seek emotional info from a trusted person; their emotions dictate the baby's |
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Term
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Definition
| higher order feelings. Guilt, shame, embarassment, envy... Arrive with out sense of self. |
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Term
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Definition
| early appearing, stable, differences in reactivity & self-regulation. 35% are a mix. |
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Term
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Definition
| quickness & intensity of emotional arousal, attention, motor activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| strategies that regulate reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| 40%, most common. Quickly establish routine. Cheerful and adaptive. |
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Term
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Definition
| 10%, irregualar in routine. Slow to accept new experiences. Poorly and intense. |
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Term
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Definition
| 15% inactive. Low reactions, negative, slow to adjust. |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntarily suppress dominant response to plan a more adaptive one. |
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Term
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Definition
| making kid friendly places that recognize temperment, and encourage better functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| strong bonds we make; happy to be in their presense during stress |
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Term
| Ethological theory of attachment |
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Definition
| kids emotions to caregiver is evolved response. MOST accepted view. |
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Term
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Definition
| birth - 6 weeks. Draw adults in for comfort |
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Term
| Attachment in the making phase |
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Definition
| 6 weeks - 6/8 months. Prefer mom to stranger, making preferences |
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Term
| Clear cut attachment phase |
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Definition
| 6/8 months - 2 years. Separation anxiety (upset when mom goes) |
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Term
| Formation of reciprocal relationship phase |
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Definition
| 18 months - 2 years + negotiate caregiver; less freakouts when mom leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations of attachment figure and odds of providing support |
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Term
|
Definition
| lab test of 1-2 year olds. No mom in weird room. |
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Term
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Definition
| 60% parent is security base. Cry. Mom returns and crying stops. LOW ses is less secure. Pave road for good relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| 15%, unresponsive when mom is around. DGAF if she leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| 15% seek closeness with mom. Leaves; gets sad. Is mad/sad when returned. |
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Term
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Definition
| greatest insecurity; contradicting behavior. Look away when held. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate way to determine attachment style. best if lab tester does it. Home observation. |
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Term
| Cultural variations in attachment |
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Definition
| exist. germans want non-cling.y Japanese are resistant babies |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to baby consistently, promptly, appropriately. baby gets secure attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| affect development. angry babies are awful |
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Term
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Definition
| ID of self as physically unique. 20 months. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to feel other's emotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| 18-30 months, classify selves and others |
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Term
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Definition
| 12-18 months; aware of caregiver's wishes & expectations. Obey simple requests. |
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Term
|
Definition
| waiting for appropriate time and place for an act |
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