Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Developmental
Family Processes, Morality, Peers & Friendships, Sociocultural Influences, and Schools
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/16/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Reciprocal Socialization
Definition
Socialization that is bidirectional in that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children
Term
Authoritarian Parenting
Definition
A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort. Firm limits are placed on the child and little verbal exchange is allowed.
Term
Authoritative Parenting
Definition
A style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on children's actions; extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child.
Term
Neglectful Parenting
Definition
A style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life
Term
Indulgent Parenting
Definition
A style in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them
Term
Coparenting
Definition
The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child
Term
Moral Development
Definition
Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
Term
Heteronomous Morality (Piaget)
Definition
The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring at 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
Term
Autonomous Morality
Definition
The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older children (about 10 years of age and older). The children become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, they should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.
Term
Immanent Justice
Definition
Piaget's concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately
Term
Preconventional Reasoning
Definition
The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.
Term
Heteronomous Morality (Kohlberg)
Definition
The first stage of preconventional reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, in which moral thinking is tied to punishment
Term
Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange
Definition
The second Kohlberg stage of preconventional reasoning. At this stage, individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same.
Term
Conventional Reasoning
Definition
The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society
Term
Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
Definition
Kohlberg's third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring,and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments.
Term
Social Systems Morality
Definition
The fourth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.
Term
Postconventional Reasoning
Definition
The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
Term
Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
Definition
The fifth Kohlberg stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law.
Term
Universal Ethical Principles
Definition
The sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights.
Term
Justice Perspective
Definition
A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions
Term
Care Perspective
Definition
The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan; views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
Term
Social Conventional Reasoning
Definition
Focuses on conventional rules established by social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.
Term
Social Cognitive Theory of Morality
Definition
The theory that distinguishes between moral competence (the ability to produce moral behaviors) and moral performance (performing those behaviors in specific situations).
Term
Ego Ideal
Definition
The component of the superego that rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts according to ideal standards approved by the parents.
Term
Conscience
Definition
The component of the superego that punishes the child for behaviors disapproved of by parents by making the child feel guilty and worthless
Term
Moral Identity
Definition
The aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives
Term
Moral Exemplars
Definition
People who have lived exemplary lives--they have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment
Term
Conduct Disorder
Definition
Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's norms, and the personal or property rights of others
Term
Juvenile Delinquency
Definition
Actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in illegal behavior
Term
Popular Children
Definition
Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
Term
Average Children
Definition
Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
Term
Neglected Children
Definition
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
Term
Rejected Children
Definition
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
Term
Controversial Children
Definition
Children who are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked
Term
INdividualism
Definition
Giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; emphasizing values that serve the self, such as feeling good, personal distinction and achievement, and independence
Term
Collectivism
Definition
Emphasizing values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of members, and harmonious relationships
Term
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Definition
A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Term
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Definition
A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Term
Constructivist Approach to Learning
Definition
A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the individual's active, cognitive construction of knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Term
Direct Instruction Approach to Learning
Definition
A teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, high expectations for student's progress, and maximum time spent on academic tasks
Term
Child-Centered Kindergarten
Definition
Education that involves the whole child by considering both the child's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child's needs, interests, and learning styles
Term
Montessori Approach
Definition
An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire
Term
Developmentally Appropriate Practice
Definition
Education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual appropriateness). Such practice contrasts with developmentally inappropriate practice, which has an academic, direct instruction emphasis
Term
Project Head Start
Definition
Compensatory education designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success
Term
Top-Dog Phenomenon
Definition
THe circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the youngest, smallest, and least powerful position in middle or junior high school
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