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| The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception,characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentation. |
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| the stage of prenatal development from approximately the 3rd through the 8th week after conception, during which the basic forms forms of all body structures, including internal organs,develop.Fetus |
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| The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during ehich the fetus gains about 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own. |
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| The process, beginning about 10 days after conception, in which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop. |
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| The name for a developing human organism from about the 3rd through the 8th week after conception. |
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| The stage of prenatal development from approximately the 3rd through the 8th week after conception,during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs develop. |
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| The name for a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth. |
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| For many parents, their first glimpse of their future child is an ultrasou8nd image. |
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| An image of a fetus for an internal organ produced by using high frequency sound waves. (sonogram) |
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| At the end of 4 months, the fetus, now 6 inches long, looks fully formed but out of proportion-- the distance from the top of the skull to the neck to the rump. For many more weeks, the fetus must depend on the translucent membranes of the placenta and umbilical cord for survival. |
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| The age at which a fetus may survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available. (about 22 weeks after conception) |
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| A quick assesment of a new born's health. |
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| A surgical birth,in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly,instead of being delivered through the vagina. |
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| A woman who helps with the birth process. |
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| Agents and conditions,including viruses,drugs,chemicals,that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death. |
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| Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain,impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning. |
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| A situation in which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level. |
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| A cluster of birth defects,including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical development, that may occur in the child of. Woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant. |
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| A body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds(2500 grams) |
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| A body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds,5 ounces (1500 grams) |
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| Extremely low birthweight |
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| A body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds,3 ounces (1000 grams) |
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| A birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy-that is, at 35 or fewer weeks after conception. |
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| Small for gestational age |
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| A term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected,given the time since conception. |
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| A disorder that results from damage to the brain's motor centers. People with cp have difficulty with muscle control,so their speech or body movements are impaired. |
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| A lack of oxygen, that if prolonged can cause brain damage or death. |
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| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale |
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| A test often administered to newborns that measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors,including 20 reflexes. |
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| An unlearned, involuntary action or movement that responds to a stimulus. A reflex occurs without conscious thought. |
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| Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers. |
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| A new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth. |
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| The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn. |
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| A form of newborn care in which mothers rest the baby between their breasts,like a kangaroo thy carries her immature newborn in a pouch in her abdomen. |
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| A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition affects body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition. |
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| A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population being studied rank higher and half rank lower. |
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| Rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves. |
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| A custom in which parents an their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room. |
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| The billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system,especially the brain. |
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| The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing, involve the cortex. |
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| A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons. |
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| A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons. |
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| The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons. |
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| The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in an infant's brain during the first two years if life. |
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| Experience expectant brain functions |
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| Brain functions that require certain basic common experiences (which an infant is expected to have) in order to develop normally. |
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| Brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant. |
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| The area of cortex in the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control. |
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| A life threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth l, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections. |
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| The inborn drive to remedy a development deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright, after being tipped over. |
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| The response of a sensory system when it detects a stimulus. (Ear,eyes,skin,tongue,nose) |
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| The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation. Perception occurs in the cortex. |
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| The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image. This ability is absent at birth. |
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| The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid. (Motor refers to movement of muscles) |
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| Physical abilities involving large body movements,such as walking and jumping. (Gross refers to big) |
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| Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up coins. (Fine means small) |
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| Protein calorie malnutrition |
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| A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several diseases, severe weight loss and even death. |
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| The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition. |
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| The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition. |
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| A disease of sever protein calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and tj infant eventually dies. |
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| A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child move vulnerable to other diseases such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza. |
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| Sensorimotor intelligence |
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the way infants think-by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development. |
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| Primary circular reactions |
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| The first of three types if feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli, and tries to understand them. |
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| Secondary circular reactions |
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| The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move. |
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| The realization that objects still exist even when they can no longer be seen,touched or heard. |
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| Tertiary circular reactions |
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| The third is three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence. This one involving active exploration and experimentation, infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world. |
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| The stage five toddler(age 12 months to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results,using trial and error in active and creative exploration. |
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| A sequence in which an infant first perceives something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hours or even days later. |
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| The process of getting used to an object or even through repeated exposure. |
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| Fun tonal magnetic resonance imaging a measuring technique in which the brains electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain;fMRI helps researchers locate neurological responses to stimuli. |
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| Information processing theory |
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| A perspective that compares human thinking processes,by another to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories and output. |
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| An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered bus person place or object in the environment. |
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| An experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another. |
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| Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change. |
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| A universal principle of infant perception, consisting of an innate attraction to other humans, which is evident in visual auditory tactile and other preferences. |
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| A perceptual experience that us intended to help a person recollect an idea a thing or an experience without Tati g whether the person remembers it at the moment. |
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| Unconscious or automatic memory that us usually stored via habits emotional responses routine procedures and various sensations. |
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| Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand usually with words. Most explicit memory involves consciously learned words,data and concepts. |
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| The high pitched simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants. |
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| The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba ba ba, that begins when babies are between 6-9 months old. |
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| A single word that us used to express a complete meaningful thought. |
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| Aside n increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number if nouns that begins at about 18 months of age. |
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| All the methods-word order,verb forms, and so on-that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves. |
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| language acquisition device |
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Definition
| Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation |
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| a smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth. |
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| an infant's expression of concern-a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness-when a stranger appears. |
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| An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months. |
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| One's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people. |
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| inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation. Temperament originates in genes and prenatal development and is affected by early experiences. |
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| a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community. |
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| Erikson's1st psychosocial crisis. Infants learn basic trust if their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met. |
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| autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Definition
| Erikson's 2nd crisis of psychosocial development. toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self rule over their own actions and bodies. |
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| Learning that is accomplished by observing others-both what they do and how others react to that behavior. |
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| In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perception amd experiences. |
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| a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture. |
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Definition
| caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching. |
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Definition
| caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, face to face communication with minimal holding and touching. |
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Definition
| a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. |
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| an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionaless in face to face interaction with an infant. |
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| according to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver-a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time. |
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| secure attachment(type B) |
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Definition
| a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. |
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| insecure-avoidant attachment (type A) |
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Definition
| a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the cargiver's presence, departure, or return. |
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| insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type C) |
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Definition
| a pattern of attahment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact reunion. |
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| disorganized attachment (type D) |
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Definition
| a type of attachment thatis marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the cargiver's departure and return. |
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Definition
| a laboratory procedure for measurign attachment by evoking infants' reactions to stress in eight episodes, lasting 3 mins. each. |
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Definition
| seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or someon else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference. |
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| child care that occurs in the home of someone to whom the child is not related and who usually cares for several children of various ages. |
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| child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. Usually the children are grouped by age, the day care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development. |
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