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Definition
| Erikson's psychosocial stage associated with children having become convinced tha they are persons in their own right; during early adulthood, they begin to discover what kind of person they will become. |
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Definition
| The child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions |
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Definition
| The ability to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others. Pride, shame, embarassment, and guilt are examples of this. |
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Definition
| Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people |
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Definition
| Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings. |
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Definition
| An internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves integrating moral thought, feeling, and behavior. |
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Definition
| The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old |
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Definition
| A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel |
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Definition
| Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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Term
| Mother's Socialization Strategies |
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Definition
| In many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. They also place more restriction on daughters' autonomy |
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Term
| Fathers' Socialization Strategies |
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Definition
| Fathers show more attention to sons than daughters, engage in more activites with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons' intellectual development |
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Term
| Gender Composition of children's groups |
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Definition
| Around the age of 3, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates. From 4 to 12 years of age, this preference for playing in same-sex groups increases, and during the elementary school years children spend a large majority of their free time with children of their own sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| From about 5 years of age onward, boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are. Boys are also more likely to participate in organized group games than girls are |
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Term
| Interaction in same-sex groups |
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Definition
| Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play, competition, conflict, ego displays, risk taking, and seeking dominance |
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Term
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Definition
| A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with children's social incompetence |
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Term
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Definition
| A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child. Authoritative parenting is associated with children's social competence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A style of parenting in which the parent is uninvolved in the child's life; It is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control |
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Definition
| A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demants or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control |
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Definition
| Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol |
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Definition
| Play that involves social interactions with peers |
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Definition
| Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. Constructive play occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation or construction of a product or a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals |
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