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| When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube in a process called fertilization |
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| Typical Prenatal Development |
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| Begins with fertilization and ends with birth, takes between 266 and 280 days (38 to 40 weeks). It can be divided into three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal |
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| The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall |
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| The inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo. |
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| The period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. During the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear. |
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| The life-support system that is a bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats |
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| A life-support system containing two arteries and one vein that connects the baby to the placenta |
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| A life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which smal blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine. |
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| Lasting about seven months, the prenatal period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies. |
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Definition
Any agent that causes a birth defect. The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects is call teratology.
Greek origin "Tera" meaning Monster |
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Definition
| The type of severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to the genotype of the pregnant woman and the genotype of the embryo of fetus. |
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Definition
| Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others. |
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Definition
Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of conciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods
Ex. caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine. Cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin |
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| Fetal Alcohol spectrum Disorders (FASD) |
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Definition
| A cluster of abnormalities that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy. |
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| Environmental Hazards to the Fetus |
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Definition
| radiation, toxic wastes, and other chemical pollutants (carbon monoxide, mercury, and lead. Pesticides and fertilizers.) |
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Definition
| A type of Diabetes developed during pregnancy. Affects how you use your sugar and can cause High blood sugar which affects your health and your babies health |
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Definition
| The longest of the three stages. Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart at the beginning and last up to a minute. These contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open. As this stage progresses, the contractions come closer together, appearing every two to five minutes. This stage lasts an average of 6 to 12 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| This stage begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal. It terminates when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body. With each contraction, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body. By the time the baby's head is out of the mother's body, the contractions come almost every minute and last for about a minute. This stage typically lasts approximately 45 minutes to an hour. |
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Term
| Birth Stage Three; Afterbirth |
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Definition
| The third state, at which time the placenta, unbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled. This stage is the shortest of the three |
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Definition
| A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth |
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Definition
| This method attempts to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during delivery. |
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Definition
| Developed by a French obstetrician, This childbirth strategy is similar to natural childbirth but includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and a more detailed anatomy and physiology course. |
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Definition
| The baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge from the vagina. |
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Definition
| Surgical procedure in which the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen |
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Definition
| A widely used method of assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. The Apghar Scale evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability. |
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Definition
| An infant that weighs less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth. |
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Definition
| Those born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation (the time between fertilization and birth) |
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Definition
| Treatment for preterm infants that involves skin-to-skin contact |
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Definition
| The period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth. This period lasts for about six weeks or until her body has completed its adjustment and returned to a near prepregnant state. |
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