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Developmental Psychology
Reading Ability
22
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/21/2007

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Term
What are BIOLOGICALLY PRIMARY abilities?

What are some examples of these abilities?

Definition
Shaped by natural selection, evolved to deal with problems, found in all cultures, acquired easily by all normally developing children (except the extremely deprived)

Examples: language, basic visual abilities, theory of mind, processing facial cues

Term
What are BIOLOGICALLY SECONDARY abilities? Give an example.
Definition
Highly specialized skills that build on primary abilities, where culture deliberately teaches these skills. Some have acquisition problems because the skill is somewhat unnatural, and some never master these types of skills

Examples: driving a car, calculus, READING (20% have difficulty)

Term
What are the 4 main stages in reading acquisition? What is each stage comprised of?
Definition
Prereading ("conventions of print", phonemic awareness), Phonological skills (decoding), Fluency (direct retrieval, sounding out), Comprehension
Term
What does increased direct retrieval have effects on?
Definition
Direct retrieval frees up resources for other cognitive abilities, including working memory and reading strategies.
Term
Gives some reasons for why those of higher SES have increased literacy rates.
Definition
English as a second language, less access to books, poorer school environment, less travel, less early detection of development problems.
Term
What did Senechal's study measure and at what ages?

What were the results of this study, i.e. what was predicted?

Definition
Measured of home experiences with reading at beginning of 1st grade, end of 1st grade and end of 3rd grade to predict reading ability.

Results:

- Early measures of language predicted reading @ end of 3rd grade.

- Phonological awareness predicted reading @ end of 1st & 3rd grade

- Prior comprehension and subsequent exposure to books predicted reading later on

Term
What did Spira study? What were the results/predictors?

What else could have been measured in Spira's study?

Definition
Spira studied early reading acheievement (under 30th percentile) and its effects on 4th grade reading acheivement.

Results: Some reached a high percentile but others didn't.

Predictors: Phonological awareness measures in kindergarten and early conventions of print knowledge

Other possible measures: home context, parent response to reading deficits

Term
What did Charity's article/study discuss?
Definition
The effects of African-Amerian English (AAE) and familiarity with School English (SE) on reading ability.
Term
What were the IVs and DVs in Charity's study?
Definition
IVs: repetition of SE sentences; familiarity with SE

DVs: reading ability (word identification, word attack [pseudo-words], comprehension)

Term
What were the key findings of Charity's study?
Definition
Those with better grammatical and phonological skills read better regardless of location, age, or SES.
Term
List 3 main reasons that can account for reading deficits shown in those who aren't as familiar with School English.
Definition
1.Interference Theory: a lack of fit exists between words sounds and written words in AAE and SE (e.g. using "dare" for "their")

2. Teacher bias towards and negative stereotypes associated with those who use AAE.

3. Children using AAE may have less Metalinguistic Awareness - i.e. awareness of general language rules

Term
What kind of deficit can dyslexia be described as, and what does this mean?
Definition
Dyslexia described as an “encapsulated deficit”, where problems only exist in reading skills and not anywhere else (e.g. normal to high IQ).
Term
What are the gender differences in dyslexia, and how do they differ by sample type?
Definition
In clinical samples, more boys exhibit dyslexia.

In community samples, however, no gender difference exists. They may be failing to document female dyslexia symptoms because they tend to be more internalizing.

Term
What is the core problem that persists in those with dyslexia?

Describe this problem.

Definition
PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - person has problem understanding and naming a word, not seeing it (problem with retrieval)
Term
What is the etiology of dyslexia?
Definition
Genetics
Term
What are some early signs of dyslexia?
Definition
family history, delay in speech, insensitive to rhyme or “talking around a word”, problems with pronunciation
Term
What are the 2 questions inherent in Pennington & Lefly's study?

What 3 groups did they study?

What were the key findings?

What was the trend in their findings? (i.e. answer the abovementioned questions)

Definition
2 questions:

1. What are the predictors of reading difficulty?

2. Is reading difficulty a continuous or discrete deficit?

3 Groups: HR-RD, HR-NRD, LR-NRD

Key Findings: For HR group, 34% had reading problems (lower reading and phonological scores) by the 2nd grade

Trend: HR-RD < HR-NRD < LR-NRD NOT HR-RD Thus... Reading disability is a CONTINUOUS VARIABLE!

Term
What is SENSITIVITY in diagnosis? What is the opposite of this?
Definition
The correct detection of a disability. Opposite = misses
Term
What is SPECIFICITY in diagnosis? What is the opposite of this?
Definition
The correct labeling of a disability. Opposite = false positive
Term
What did Lovett's research focus on? What were the 3 IVs? Results?
Definition
Focused on development of reading techniques and their generalizeabilty to new contexts in reading novel and pseudo-words.

3 IVs:

- PHAB: phonological awareness and blending

- WIST: word identification strategy training

- SPY (control): seek the part you know

Results: Both PHAB and WIST groups worked! Should combine strategies & interviene early.

Term
What factors correlated with 1st grade reading skills in Kail's study? What correlation was not found?

What was the sample?

Definition
Age, naming speed, and phonological awareness correlated with reading; Negative correlation between processing speed and naming speed

NO CORRELATION with spacial ability.

Sample: U.S. & Chinese children

Term
What 2 factors predicted literacy at 4 1/2 years in the Crain-Thorensen study? What did not predict?

What cognitive ability was measured and what was it predicted by?

Definition
AMOUNT OF STORY READING & ENGAGEMENT predicted literacy, while early language precociousness did NOT predict (e.g. nature vs. nurture)

IQ was measured and predicted by amt. of READING & ENGAGEMENT as well.

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