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Developmental Psychology
N/A
129
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/25/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is platos theory on thought as a new born?
Definition

-  everyone comes pre built, experience is just a trigger

 

 

Term
What is Aristoles theory of though as a new born?
Definition
- believe we need experience to learn
Term
What is Rousseau's theory of thought as a new born?
Definition
- everyone is born moral, however society can change that
Term
what coined the science of child development?
Definition
Industrial revolution
Term
what is childhood socially?
Definition
it is a social convention that has been defined differently through out history
Term
what did  reformers (rich, politicians) argue for?
Definition
working conditions must change and schools should be an obligation
Term
what was the debate against the reformed argument?
Definition
in poorer families, children were als the bread winners, thus necessary
Term
What was Darwins arugment? and what was his theory?
Definition

has experience made me the way i am?

 

organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions

Term
what is ethological theory?
Definition
compare other species to compare phenomenon ex. aggression
Term
what was Konrad Lorenz known for? What was hsi experiment?
Definition

observing how birds follow and recognize mother

 

experiment: baby chicks hatching

concepts: Impriniting and Critical period

critcial period only occurs once ex. language

Term
what is teh psychodynamic perspective?
Definition
development is determined by how a child resolves conflicts at different ages, adults are a product of this , emotional/personality
Term
what is Freuds personality theory?
Definition
personality = Id, ego ,superego
Term
what is Erikson's psychosocial theory about?
Definition
conflicts between society and your nedd/impulses
Term
Who are teh 3 theoriest of learning perspectives? and what are their theories?
Definition

pavlov : classical conditioning (stimulant)

Skinner: Operant conditioning (reinforce/punish)

Bandura : observational learning

Term
what is Piagets theory on cognitive devlopment?
Definition

childs own experience in the world provokes learning, they interpret based on their knowledge level

 

Term
what is Piagets 4 stages of development?
Definition

1) Sensorimotor(birth -2) : knowns world through movement and sensations (object permanence)

 

2) Preoperational( 2 - 7) : children begin to think symbolically and use words/picture to rep objects

 

3)Concrete Operational( 7 - 11) : children begin to think logical about concrete events 

 

4)Formal Operational(12-up) : begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems

Term
what happens every time you activate a reflex?
Definition
it becomes more controlled
Term
what is the contextual perspective?
Definition
development is determined by immediate and more distance environment which typicaly influence eachother
Term
What is Vygotsky's theory of development??
Definition

- he used marx's approach 

- looks at interaction and culture 

- interactions with others = source of knowledge

Term
what are the 4 main themes in child development?
Definition

1) Continuity - Discontinuity :

 

is development gradual or does it not continue? (ex. if your a happy kid will you always be happy or will you be unhappy 25 and over?)

 

2) Nature vs. Nuture

 

3) Active - Passive child (mercy of enviornment)

 

4) Domains of development

Term
what does discontinuity and continuity depend on?
Definition
depends on how small/gradual stages are
Term
what are the two types of systematic observation?
Definition

Naturalistic observation (no manipulation)

Structured observation

Term
when does smapling with tasks occur?
Definition
when direct observation is difficult
Term
what is the self report method?
Definition
- it is a questionare that asks the person questions, and researcher play no part
Term
What the difference between validity and reliability?
Definition

validity : measures what you say your measuring 

reliable : results stay the same (stable)

Term
what is  a longitudinal study?
Definition
- it is over a long period of time, with the same children of teh same age
Term
what is a cross section study?
Definition

different kids of different ages, over a short period of time 

 

faults: age can have neg effects 

Term
what is a longitudinal - sequential study?
Definition
a mix of longitudinal and cross - sectional
Term
what is a microgenetic study?
Definition
- the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time, in depth 
Term
what is meta-analysis?
Definition
combining studies in a single phenomena
Term
What are gametes?
Definition
sperm and egg cells ( 23 chroms from male and 23 from female)
Term
what is karyotype?
Definition

in nucleus, it sorts the chromosomes into 23 paris (total of 46)

 

Term
what are each of the sex's chromosomes?
Definition

girl = XX

Boy = XY

Term
what is DNA?
Definition
genetic material , that is the main component of chromosomes , able to replicate itself
Term
what are the elements that make up DNA?
Definition
sugar, nitrogen, and phosphate
Term
what are teh 4 chemical bases in the nitrogen (where gentic info is held) ?
Definition

- A = Adenine

- T = Thymine 

- G = guanine

- C = cytosine

 

Combos :

 

A + T 

 

G + C

Term

In a single chrmosome how long can DNA get up to

(In feet) ?

Definition
3 Feet
Term
What is genome?
Definition
entire sequence of DNA in each chroms ( ATGC)
Term
What does Allel mean?
Definition
the location of a gene on a chrom
Term
What are the two types on Allels? What are teh difference between them?
Definition

- Homozygous : both the same

( dominate (DD) and recesseive (dd))


- Heterozygous :different gentic code (Dd)

(expression of gentic info is from the chrom that is dom)

Term
what causes down syndrome?
Definition
an extra 21st chrom
Term
What causes huntingtons disease?
Definition
- a dominate Allel on chrom 4 , can be fatal and causes degeneration of nervous system (NS)
Term
What are the 4 paths from genes to behaviour?
Definition

1) depend on enviornment in which instructions develop. 

(reaction range: same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes in reaction to enviornment)

 

2) Heredity and environment

 

3) Genes can influence environement (nich - picking)

 

4) enivornment influence make children within a family different ( non shared environemnt influences)

 

Term
what is heritability coefficient?
Definition
estimates the extent to which differences between people reflect heredity (twin & adoption studies)
Term
what is the process from conception to birth in stages?
Definition

First stage 

Week 1-2: Zygote (fertilize egg)

Week 3-8: Embryo

(rapid growth (NS) and most body parts are formed)

 

Second

Week 9 - 24 : Fetus

(systems begin to function, movements  13 - 24w)

 

Third

Week 25 - 38 : Fetus

 

Term
What are the risk factors?
Definition

1) Nutrition ( increase intake 10-20%, take folic acid)

2) Stress (lead to premature babies/babies smaller baby)

3) Age (35+ risk, 40-45 misscrage double )

 

Term
What was the video on the visual cliffe by gibson about
Definition

- "cliff" was set up, and babies were stimulated to crawl over "cliff", but most did not unless it a small drop

 

- babies seem to process info and appreciate depth

(sensory processing)

Term
What are teratogens?
Definition

agents that cause abnormal prenatal development 

 

(Diseases, drugs, and enviornment )

ex. Thalidomide

Term
what disease are harmful durging pregnancy and what are the potential consequences?
Definition

1) AIDS:infections, neurological disorders and death

2) Cytomegalovirus:defness,blindness, small head, mentaly retardation

3)Gential H: enlarged spleen, blood clotting

4) Rubella:Mental retardation,damages eyes,ears&heart

5) Syphilis: CNS, teeth and bones 

Term
What are different environmental teratogens? And how do they effect the baby?
Definition

Lead = Mental Retardation

 

Mercury = retarded growth, mental retardation, cerebral palsy

 

PCBs = Impaired memory and verball skill

 

X- rays = mental retardation, leukemia

Term
What are the different Diagnosis for teratogens?
Definition

1) Ultra sound (4-5 w)

 

2) Amniocentesis ( 16w, needle takes fluid, surrest way)

- may cause misscarriage)

 

3) Chorionic Villus Sampling (12w , samples tissue)

Term
what is crowning?
Definition
head first when baby comes out
Term
what is breech presentation?
Definition
- baby comes out feet or bottom first
Term
what are the stages of labour?
Definition

1) 12 -24 hrs - cervix enlarges to 10cm

2) 1 hr - baby moves down birth canal

3) 10-15min - placenta comes out

Term
what percent of new motehr get postpartum depression?
Definition
10 - 15%
Term
what is hyproxia?
Definition
- unadequate amount of oxygen due to umbilicord issues cutting off blood flow
Term
what is the apgar score?
Definition

- used to evaluate newborns, 5 vital signs (0-2 good)

- when totaled ( 7 + = good, 3 or less = life threat)

Term
what is the neonantal behavioural assessment scale? (NBAS)
Definition

- not necessarily after birth

(autonomic, motor, state and social)

Term
what are the 4 primary newborn states?
Definition

alert inactivity

waking activity 

crying 

sleeping

Term
what 2 distinct trends does growth follow?
Definition

1) cephalocaudal: "head to tail"

2) proximodistal : " center - extremities 

Term
what are epiphyses?
Definition
end of cartilage structures that turn to bone shortly after brith
Term
what are secular growth trends?
Definition
changes in psychical development from one generation to the next
Term
why is sleep essential for normal growth?
Definition
80% of the horome that stimulates growth is only secreted during sleep
Term
when do girls hit their growth spurt? when do boys?
Definition

girl = 11 -12

boy = 13-15

Term
What are the 4 challenges in healthy growth?
Definition

Malnutrition

Obesity (type 2 diabiets is common in kid(senior diabets)

Disease 

Accidents 

Term
what is the neural plate?
Definition

flat structure formed by a group of cells ( 3 weeks) that becomes brain and spine

 

Term
what is synaptic prunning?
Definition
- soon after chil first birthday synapse begin to disapper, weeding out usless info
Term
when does mylenization occur?
Definition
first 2 yrs until adulthood ( up to 30)
Term
how long do brith dendrites grow for?
Definition
age 5
Term
what are teh two types of plasicty?
Definition
development and recovery
Term
what is synapses gensis?
Definition
growth of new axons and dendrites
Term
what is the visual acuity of a new born?
Definition
20/200 - 20/400
Term
what age does the eyeball stop forming at?
Definition
age 9
Term
at what age does a baby start to preseve colour?
Definition
3 motnhs
Term
why cant little babies process color?
Definition
cones in retina are not fully dispersed
Term
what is auditory threshold? when is it? and what is used to test it?
Definition

- it is the quiest sound someone can hear

- 2- 5 yrs

- and cars are used

Term
when is a baby a universal listener? At what age do they stop?
Definition
6 months to 10months
Term
at what age can babies locate objects in the dark?
Definition
7 months
Term
can babies tell similar faces apart? (ex. leamers)
Definition
Yes, under 6 months but over 9 they can not
Term
how do babys percive faces at 1 month?
Definition
out edge of face
Term
hwo do babys percive faces at 3 months?
Definition
interior of face (eyes and lips)
Term
when do babys notice fine grained spatial relations in faces?
Definition
6 months
Term
what is attention?
Definition
process in which we select info that willl be processed further
Term
what is orienting response?
Definition
strong or unfamiliar stimulus that changes heart rate and brain waves
Term
what are the symptoms of ADHD?
Definition
1) Inattention 2)Hyper 3) Impulsive
Term
what is locomotion?
Definition
moving about in the world ( crawling - walking ect.)
Term
when do toddlers start walking?
Definition
at age 1
Term
what is the dynamic system theory?
Definition
motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over tme to meet the demands of specific tasks
Term
what are two components of the dynamic system theory?
Definition

Differentiation : mastery pof component skills 

Intergration: combining them in proper sequence into a coherent, working whole 

Term
at what age do infants decide on which hand they prefer?
Definition
13 - 14 months
Term
what do sports do to children?
Definition
enchance motor, cognitive, physical and social develop
Term
what did Rovee Colliers experiment find? (2-3months)
Definition

1) an event from the past is remembered

2) over time event can no longer be recalled

3) a cue can bring up forgotten memories

Term
do audlts or children have better autibiograph memory?
Definition
children
Term
why does memory process so fast in the first 2 yrs?
Definition

growth of hippocampus ( 20 - 24months)

growth of frontal cortex (2nd yr)

Term
what are different memory strategies?
Definition

1)rehearsal

2)organization 

3)elaberation 

4) chunking 

Term
what is concept mapping? (james)
Definition
the learner builds a network by connecting new info to other ideas and knowledge that is alrdy possed
Term
what is metamemory?
Definition
childs informal understanding of memory
Term
what are two importants elements of metamemory?
Definition

1) diagnosing 

2)monitoring effectiveness

Term
what is metacognitive knowledge?
Definition
knowledge and awareness of cognitive process
Term
when does metacog grow the most?
Definition
elementary
Term
what is cognitive self reg?
Definition

skill ar identifying goals, 

selecting effective strategies 

and monitoring accurately 

= successful student

Term
what is essial for effective remmebering?
Definition
strategies, metamemory and metacognition
Term
what is ment by the term script??
Definition
memory structure used to decirbe the sequence in which events occur
Term
are younger or older children more pron to memory distortion?
Definition
older children
Term
what is the fuzzy trace theory?
Definition
most experiences can be stared in memory exactly (verbatism) or in terms of their basic meaning
Term
what does autobiograph memory start??
Definition
preschool and emerges gradually
Term
what is infant amnesia?
Definition
the inability to remmeber events from ones early life
Term
what does the core knowledge theory argue?
Definition
- we are built to encode when we are born to make the world more predictable
Term
what are the domains?
Definition

1) understand objects and properties (principle of continuity)

2) undertsnadng living things 

3) understanding people

Term
what is the principle of continuty about?
Definition

objects move in their entrity in time and space

(dehabituation - habitutation)

Term
what is the difference between a 5 yr old memory and a 7/8 yr olds?
Definition

5 = no accumalitive 

7/8 = accumalitive

Term
what was piagets theory on thought?
Definition

young = preoperational (limited)

adolescents = formal operational (poweful)

Term
what are the 5 reasons why adolescents remmeber more?
Definition

1) kids do not encode all info 

2) kids do not plan ahead

3) success = knowledge of specific problem and general process

4) collaberation enhances probs solving

Term
what are the academic skills for reading?
Definition

- word recognition 

- comprehension 

- phonolgical awarness

- decoding

 

 

- reading ryhmes to emprove phnological awareness

Term
what are 3 methods of reading?
Definition

- Phonics - letters +names

- whole word method - recognize whole words 

- whole language - occurs naturally

Term
at what age do infants begin to count?
Definition
age 2
Term
what is the process of leanring to count?
Definition

1) one-to-one principle: only one number for each object

2) stable-order: must be counted in same order

3) cordinality: last # name differs from the previous one in a counting sequence 

Term
what was the 2 problems in piagest theory of resoning?
Definition

1) underestimated gifted kids 

2) overestimated adolesents with flaws logic

Term
at what age do infants solve half of the problems correct?
Definition
5-6yrs
Term
what is encoding?
Definition
transforming info ito a mental rep.
Term
what is means-ends analysis?
Definition
where a person determines the difference between the current and desired situations, and then does something to reduce the difference
Term
what age group uses concrete operational? what uses formal?
Definition

8 yrs - concrete

13yrs = formal

Term
what is heuristics?
Definition
rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but are useful in solving a range of problems (fast and effortless)
Term
which english is most difficult learn and which is the easiest?
Definition

spanish - easiest 

english - hardest (inconsistent)

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