Term
| Total fertility rate (TFR) |
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Definition
| the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. |
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| Socioeconomic status(ses) |
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Definition
| a Person's social class, including educational level, income, and occupational status |
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| an English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection. he also kept a journal of his son Doddy's development |
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| The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
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| A manipulated variable in an experiment or study whose presence or degree determines the change in the dependent variable. |
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| The observed variable in an experiment or study whose changes are determined by the presence or degree of one or more independent variables. |
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| Experimental research method |
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Definition
| the systematic and scientific approach to the scientific method where the scientist manipulates variables. |
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| the total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and Technology. in other words, in other words a group's way of life passed on from one generation to the next . |
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| the statistical relationship between two variables. they can be both positive a negative |
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Definition
| the consistency of a measurements across different occasions |
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| the extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure |
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Definition
| sausage-shaped structure in the nucleus of cells, containing genes, which are paired, except in reproductive cells |
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| a segment of DNA containing coded instructions for the growth and functioning of the organism |
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Definition
| the entire store of an organism's hereditary information. |
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| the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members expressed as a percentage |
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Definition
| the study of heritable changes in gene expression. |
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Definition
| A mature egg that develops in ovaries about every 28 days in human females |
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Definition
| A male gamete or reproductive cell; a spermatozoon. |
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Definition
| cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction |
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Definition
| the new cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum |
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Definition
| a ball of about 100 cells formed by about one week following conception. |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder(FASD) |
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Definition
| a continuum of permanent birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. |
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Definition
| a drug or other substance capable of interfering with the development of a fetus, causing birth defects. |
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Definition
| a surgical incision made in the area between the vagina and anus, to ease birth |
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Definition
| surgical procedure in which incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver her baby. |
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Definition
| a newborn child; especially: a child less than a month old. |
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Definition
| soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. |
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Definition
| a test that assess the health of newborn children, it is performed immediately after childbirth |
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Definition
| an age-old practice of wrapping infants in swaddling cloths, blankets or similar cloth so that movement of the limbs is tightly restricted |
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Definition
| moderate to severe depression in a woman after she has given birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-toe direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle of biological development that growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward |
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Definition
| a period of discomfort and pain experienced by infant as their new teeth break through their gums |
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Definition
| the process in which the axons become encased fatty maternal know as the myelin sheath that increases the speed of communication between neurons |
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Term
| Overproduction/exuberance |
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Definition
| burst in the production of dendritic connections between neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in neural pathways and synapses which are due to changes in behavior, environment and neural processes, as well as changes resulting from bodily injury. |
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Term
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| death within the first year of life due to unknown reasons, with no apparent illness or disorder |
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Definition
| a practice in which babies and young children sleep close to one or both parents. |
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Definition
| an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another. used to investigate the level of depth-perception in infants |
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Definition
| A Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980). |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's concept that an innate, biologically based program is the driving force behind development |
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Term
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Definition
| An overall developmental score that combines subscores on motor, language, adaptive, and personalsocial domains in assessment of infants. |
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Definition
| a nonstandard form of speech used by adults in talking to toddlers and infants. |
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Definition
| the combination of mental, physical, and emotional traits of a person; natural predisposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| density of the synapses among neurons in the brain; peaks around age three |
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Definition
| Process in brain development whereby unused synapses (connections among brain cells) are shed. |
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Definition
| the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a limited set of rules and words. |
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Definition
| single words used to represent whole sentences. |
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Definition
| use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects |
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Definition
| two-word phrases that strip away connecting words, such as the and and |
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Term
| anatomy vs shame and doubt. |
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Definition
| the second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. in which The toddler realizes that he is a separate person with his own desires and abilities. He wants to do things for himself without help or hindrance from other people. |
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Definition
| a psychological condition in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (e.g. a parent, grandparents, and/or siblings). |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, and affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. |
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Term
| language acquisition device |
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Definition
| according to chomsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules in the language around them. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's private sense of, and subjective experience of, their own gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. During this stage, an infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. |
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Term
| Lev Vygotsky's Zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. |
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Term
| Stage 6: deferred imitation |
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Definition
| the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a toddler's ability to hold an image in their mind for a period beyond the immediate experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language production. |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language development. |
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Term
| Sensorimotor Stage 5: Tertiary circular reactions |
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Definition
| schemes in which the infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually changing what is done to them and exploring the results. |
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Term
| John Bowlby's attachment theory |
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Definition
| dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. |
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Term
| Secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
| which involve an act that extends out to the environment: it may squeeze a rubber duckie. It goes “quack.” That’s great, so do it again, and again, and again. it is learning “procedures that make interesting things last |
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Term
| Primary circular reactions |
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Definition
| an action of which serves as a stimulus to which it responds with the same action, and around and around we go. For example, the baby may suck its thumb. That feels good, so it sucks some more. |
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Term
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Definition
| an infant crying pattern in which the crying goes on for more than 3 hours a day over more than 3 days at a time for more than 3 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| in infants, the most basic emotions, the ones we share with animals such as anger, fear disgust, surprise and happiness. |
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Term
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Definition
| in toddlers, emotions that require social learning, such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt. |
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