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| The complete set of genes that an organism possesses. |
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| The genetic material an individual inherites. |
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| The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior. |
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| Every aspect of the individual and his or her surroundings other than genes. |
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| Long, threadlike molecules that transmit genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA. |
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| Molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism. |
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| Sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things. |
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| The chromosomes that determine an individual's gender. |
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| A change in a section of DNA. Mutations can contribute to genetic diversity among people, but most have a deleterious effect on the individual. |
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| The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other. Crossing over promotes variability among individuals. |
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| Genes that control the activity of other genes. |
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| Two or more different forms of a gene for a particular trait |
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| The allele that, if present, gets expressed. |
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| The allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present. |
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| A description of a person who inherits two of the same allele for a trait. |
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| A description of a person who inherits two different alleles for a trait. |
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| Inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene. |
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| The concept that encompasses all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop. |
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| The concept that encompasses all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop. |
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| A disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of phenylalanine. Without early diagnosis and a properly restricted diet, PKU can lead to severe mental retardation. |
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| The science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors. |
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| anything (characteristics, traits, etc.) influenced by heredity |
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| Refers to the involvement of many factors in any outcome. |
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| A statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a given trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals. |
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| Cells that are specialized for sending and receiving electrical messages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself. |
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| A component of the neuron that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning. |
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| Neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses. |
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| Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons. |
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| Microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another. Synapses are where the communication between neurons happens. |
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| Cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions. |
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| A fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission in the nervous system. |
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| The "grey matter" of the brain that plays a primary role in what is thought to be particularly human-like functioning, from seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotion. |
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| Major areas of the cortex. |
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| The lobe of the brain that is primarily involved in processing visual information. |
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| The lobe of the brain that is associated with memory, visual recognition and the processing of emotion and auditory information |
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| The lobe of the brain that governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory. |
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| The lobe of the brain associated with organizing behavior and the one that is thought responsible for the human ability to plan ahead. |
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| Parts of the brain which lie between the major sensory and motor areas that process and integrate input from those areas. |
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| The two halves of the cortex. For the most part, sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemisphere of the brain. |
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| A dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate. |
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| The phenomenon that each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for different modes of processing. |
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| The proliferation of neurons through cell divison. |
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| Formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites' capacity to form connections with other neurons. |
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| The formation of myelin (a fatty sheath) around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information-processing abilities. |
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| The process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections. |
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| The capacity of the brain to be affected by experience. |
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| Experience-expectant plasticity |
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| The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of the kinds of general experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have. |
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| Experience-dependent plasticity |
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| The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual's experiences. |
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| The developmental stage marked by the ability of the body to reproduce. This stage is accompanied by dramatic bodily changes. |
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| The onset of menstruation. |
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| How an individual perceives and feels about his or her physical appearance. |
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| Marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations. |
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| Failure-to-thrive (nonorganic) - (FTT) |
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| A condition in which infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight for no obvious medical reason. |
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| An eating disorder that is characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting, fasting, and other drastic efforts to avoid gaining weight. |
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| An eating disorder in which individuals starve themselves because of an extremely distorted body image. |
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| Malnutrition brought out by ingestion of too few calories. |
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| Malnutrition brought about by inadequate protein. |
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