Term
| Child Development (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Scientific Study of processes of change and stability in children from conception to adolescence |
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Term
| Physical Development (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Growth of the body and brain, including biological and physiological patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health |
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Term
| Cognitive Development (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity |
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Term
| Psychosocial Development (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships |
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Term
| Social Construction (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Concept about the nature of reality based on societally shared perceptions or assumptions |
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Term
| Individual Differences (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Differences among children in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Inborn characteristics inherited from the biological parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development |
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Term
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Definition
| Unfolding of a universal natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Two-generational household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children or stepchildren |
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Term
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Definition
| Multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household |
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Term
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Definition
| A society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products - all learned behavior passed on from adults to children |
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Term
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Definition
| A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin that contributes to a sense of shared identity |
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Term
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Definition
| Overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that blurs or obscures variations within the group or overlaps with other such groups |
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Term
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Combination of economic and social factors, including income, education, and occupation, that describe an individual or family |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group |
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Term
| Historic Generation (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people born at about the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific time when a given event or its absence has a profound and specific impact on development |
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Term
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Definition
| Modifiability of performance |
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Term
| Sensitive Periods (Chpt 1) |
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Definition
| Times in development when a given event or its absence usually has a strong effect on development |
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Term
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Definition
| Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data |
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Term
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Definition
| Possible explanations of phenomena, used to predict that outcome of research |
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Term
| Mechanistic Model (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli |
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Term
| Organismic Model (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism, and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages |
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Term
| Quantitative Change (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, or size of vocabulary |
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Term
| Qualitative Change (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Change in kind, structure, or organization, such as the change from nonverbal to verbal communication |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| View of human development as being shaped by unconscious forces |
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Term
| Psychosexual Development (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| In Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of personality development during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals |
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Term
| Psychosocial Development (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| In Erikson's eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self |
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Term
| Learning Perspective (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| View of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Learning based on association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a process that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a process that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated |
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Term
| Social Learning Theory (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Theory that behaviors also are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called "social cognitive theory" |
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Term
| Reciprocal Determinism (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development |
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Term
| Observation Learning (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Learning through watching the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of one's capability of master challenges and achieve goals |
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Term
| Cognitive Perspective (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Perspective that looks at the development of mental processes such as thinking |
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Term
| Cognitive-Stage Theory (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Piagt's term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for change in a cognitive structure to include new information |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; acheived through a balance between assimilation and accommodation |
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Term
| Sociocultural Theory (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporary support to help a child master a task |
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Term
| Information-Processing Approach (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling infomation |
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Term
| Contextual Perspective (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| View of child development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context |
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Term
| Bioecological Theory (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of child development that identifies five levels of environmental influence |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronenbrenner's term for settng in which a child inteacts with others on an everyday, face-to-face basis |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronenbrenner's term for linkages between two or more microsystems |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronenbrenner's term for linkages between two or more settings, one of which does not contain the child |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronfenbrenner's term for a society's overall cultual patterns, including values, customs, and social systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronfenbrenner's term for effects of time on other developmental systems |
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Term
| Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perspective (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| View of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of social behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species |
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Term
| Evolutionary Psychology (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human psychology |
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Term
| Quantitative Research (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Research that deals with objectively measurable data |
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Term
| Qualitative Research (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Research that involves the interpretation of nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs |
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Term
| Scientific Method (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| System of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study |
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Term
| Random Selection (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen |
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Term
| Naturalistic Observation (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation |
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Term
| Laboratory Observation (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions |
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Term
| Operational Definition (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Definition stated solely in terms of the operation or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon |
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Term
| Cognitive Neuroscience (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of a single subject, such as an individual or family |
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Term
| Ethnographic Study (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation |
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Term
| Participant Observation (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Research method in which the observer live with the people or participates in the activity being observed |
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Term
| Correlational Study (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists |
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Term
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Definition
| Rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one of the other |
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Term
| Experimental Group (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study |
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Term
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Definition
| In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study |
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Term
| Individual Variable (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control |
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Term
| Dependent Variable (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable |
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Term
| Random Assignment (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group |
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Term
| Cross-Sectional Study (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Study designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion |
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Term
| Longitudinal Study (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Study designed to assess changes in a sample over time |
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Term
| Sequential Study (Chpt 2) |
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Definition
| Study design that combines cross-setional and longitudinal techniques |
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