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Developmental Psychology
Chapter 1
38
Psychology
Not Applicable
09/08/2005

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Term
nature
Definition
Refers to our biological endowment, in particular, the genes we receive from our parents.
Term
nurture
Definition
Refers to the wide range of environments, both physical and social, that influence our development.
Term
continuous development
Definition
The idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller.
Term
discontinuous development
Definition
the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly.
Term
stage theories
Definition
approaches that propose that development involves a series of discontinuous, age-related phases.
Term
variation
Definition
differences in thought and behavior within and among individuals.
Term
selection
Definition
the more frequent survival and reproduction of organisms that are well adapted to their environment.
Term
sociocultural context
Definition
the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment.
Term
socioeconomic status
Definition
A measure of social class based on income and education.
Term
Scientific method
Definition
An approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion.
Term
hypothesis
Definition
educated guesses
Term
reliability
Definition
the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent.
Term
interrater reliability
Definition
the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior.
Term
test-retest reliability
Definition
the degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occasions.
Term
validity
Definition
the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
Term
internal validity
Definition
the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables that the researcher intentionally manipulated.
Term
external validity
Definition
the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research.
Term
structured interview
Definition
a research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions.
Term
clinical interview
Definition
a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides.
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
examination of how children behave in their usual environments - schools, playgrounds, homes and so on.
Term
structured observation
Definition
a procedure that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child's behavior.
Term
variables
Definition
attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age, gender, and expectations.
Term
correlational designs
Definition
studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other.
Term
correlation
Definition
the association between two variables
Term
correlational coefficient
Definition
a statistic that indicates the direction and strength of a correlation.
Term
direction-of-causation problem
Definition
the concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other.
Term
third-variable problem
Definition
the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable.
Term
experimental designs
Definition
a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn.
Term
random assignment
Definition
a procedure in which each child has an equal chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment.
Term
experimental control
Definition
the ability of the researcher to determine the specific experiences that children have during the course of an experiment.
Term
experimental group
Definition
a group of children in an experimental design who are presented the experience of interest.
Term
control group
Definition
the group of children in an experimental design who are not presented in the experience of interest.
Term
independent variable
Definition
the experience that children in the experimental group receive and that children in the control group do not receive.
Term
dependent variable
Definition
a behavior that is measure to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the independent variable.
Term
naturalistic experiments
Definition
a type of experimental design in which data are collected in everyday settings.
Term
cross-sectional design
Definition
a research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time.
Term
longitudinal design
Definition
a method of study in which the same children are studied twice or more over a substantial period of time.
Term
microgenetic design
Definition
a method of study in which the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time.
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