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Definition
| Refers to our biological endowment, in particular, the genes we receive from our parents. |
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Definition
| Refers to the wide range of environments, both physical and social, that influence our development. |
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| The idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller. |
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Term
| discontinuous development |
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Definition
| the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly. |
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Definition
| approaches that propose that development involves a series of discontinuous, age-related phases. |
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Definition
| differences in thought and behavior within and among individuals. |
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Definition
| the more frequent survival and reproduction of organisms that are well adapted to their environment. |
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Definition
| the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment. |
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Definition
| A measure of social class based on income and education. |
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Definition
| An approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion. |
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Definition
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Definition
| the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent. |
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Definition
| the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior. |
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Definition
| the degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occasions. |
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Definition
| the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables that the researcher intentionally manipulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research. |
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Term
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Definition
| a research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions. |
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Definition
| a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides. |
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Term
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Definition
| examination of how children behave in their usual environments - schools, playgrounds, homes and so on. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age, gender, and expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| the association between two variables |
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Term
| correlational coefficient |
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Definition
| a statistic that indicates the direction and strength of a correlation. |
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Term
| direction-of-causation problem |
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Definition
| the concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which each child has an equal chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the researcher to determine the specific experiences that children have during the course of an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of children in an experimental design who are presented the experience of interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| the group of children in an experimental design who are not presented in the experience of interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| the experience that children in the experimental group receive and that children in the control group do not receive. |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior that is measure to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of experimental design in which data are collected in everyday settings. |
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Definition
| a research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time. |
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Definition
| a method of study in which the same children are studied twice or more over a substantial period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of study in which the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time. |
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