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| Continuously varying traits, such as height, musical ability, or intelligence, are most likely determined by __________ inheritance. |
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| çan be created by soical customs |
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| The Apgar Scale rates characteristics of a newborn, including the baby's |
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| Heart Rate, Color, and Muscle Tone |
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| Studies of children adopted from deprived Romanian orphanages into British and Canadian homes demonstrates the concept of __________ in brain developmen |
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| A __________ is a prediction of behavior drawn directly from a __________. |
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| In a __________ design, participants' performance may improve over time as the result of __________ effects rather than because of factors associated with development. |
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| According to Erikson's theory, a mother who is sympathetic and loving is fostering her baby's sense of |
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| __________ is/are an example of a history-graded influence in development. |
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| The introduction of the Internet |
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| In the Strange Situation, Alex sticks close to his mother, fails to explore, and cries uncontrollably when she leaves the room. When his mother returns, Alex resists being picked up and cries despite his mother's efforts to comfort him. |
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| 10) Complications due to cigarette smoking by pregnant women include |
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| low birth weight, infant death, and childhood cancer |
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| Four-year-old Vanessa believes that all birds fly, but her father has just read her a book about flamingos who are birds but cannot fly. This new information likely |
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| brings about a state of disequilibrium. |
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| If a behavior is strongly canalized, then |
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| only powerful environmental forces can change it. |
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| Twenty-month-old Greta said "more gummi" to indicate to her mother that she wanted to get more gummi bears. Greta's utterance is an example of |
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| John Bowlby advocated which of the following explanations of human mother-infant attachment? |
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| Infant behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage mothers to interact with their infants. |
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| Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. |
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| Baby Victor accidentally puts his fist in his mouth and begins to suck on it. Later, he tries to repeat this behavior again and again. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a __________ circular reaction. |
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| Vygotsky's theory focuses on |
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| how culture is transmitted to the next generation. |
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| According to the concept of genetic-environmental correlation, |
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| our genes influence the environment to which we are exposed. |
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| Which of the following is the BEST example of babbling? |
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| Vision reaches a near-adult level of about 20/20 by |
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| Which of the following is an example of overextension? |
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| The child uses the word "cat" to refer to all four-legged, furry animals. |
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| If a mother reads aloud The Cat in the Hat for the last 6 weeks of pregnancy, after birth the infant will most likely |
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Definition
| prefer hearing the mother read the familiar poem over other rhyming stories. |
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| Which of the following demonstrates the cephalocaudal trend? |
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| During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body. |
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| As Melanie was learning to walk, each time she fell she would look for her mother's reaction. If her mother looked upset, she would cry; if her mother smiled, she would stand up and try again. Melanie was using.... |
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| Piaget's notion that the structures of the mind develop over time to better fit with or represent the external world is known as |
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| Two-year-old Nick is working on putting together a puzzle. Nick's fathervbegins by offering direct instruction, but gradually withdraws support as Nick's competence with the task increases. This example best illustrates the concept of. |
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| the zone of proximal development. |
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| Games like pat-a-cake and peekaboo |
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| foster infants' understanding of the turn-taking pattern of human conversation. |
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| Which of the following is an assumption of the lifespan perspective? |
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| Development is a joint expression of growth and decline. |
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| Males are more likely than females to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because |
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Definition
| the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding alleles to override those carried on the X chromosome. |
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| According to the concept of range of reaction, heredity __________ responsiveness to various environments. |
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| Three-month-old Yueh-Wen grasps a rattle and shakes it vigorously. She probably is using |
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| In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, connections between parents and school are in the |
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| __________ is one of the earliest ways that infants regulate their emotions |
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| The _____ reflex may prepare the infant for _____. |
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Definition
| The _____ reflex may prepare the infant for _____. |
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| During the first two weeks of pregnancy, teratogens. |
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| rarely have any impact on the developing organism. |
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| At 8 months, Lucinda, who had always been a friendly baby, began showing signs of fear when an unfamiliar person entered the room. Lucinda was exhibiting |
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Definition
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| Which of the following is true regarding preterm and small-for-date infants? |
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| Small-for-date infants usually have more serious problems than preterm infants. |
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| Which of the following is true regarding preterm and small-for-date infants? |
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Definition
| Small-for-date infants usually have more serious problems than preterm infants. |
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| According to Piaget, during __________, children interpret experiences in terms of existing schemes, whereas in __________, old schemes are adjusted and new ones created to make sense of the environment. |
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Definition
| assimilation; accommodation |
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| Research indicates that __________ strengthens neural connections involved in __________. |
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Definition
| crawling; understanding of space |
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| A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that |
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Definition
| factors affecting individual development cannot be explored. |
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| __________ are the sex cells, and each one contains __________ chromosomes. |
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| Researchers believe that most newborn reflexes disappear during the first six months due to |
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Definition
| a gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops. |
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| Niche-picking explains why |
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Definition
| pairs of identical twins reared apart often have similar pasttimes and careers. |
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| At birth, the __________ is/are nearer than any other physical structure to its adult size. |
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| According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, |
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Definition
| children actively construct knowledge as they interact with their world. |
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| A heritability estimate of .60 for intelligence for twin samples suggests that |
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Definition
| differences in genetic makeup explain 60 percent of the variation in intelligence. |
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| Characteristics such as hair color and height are called |
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| The concept of __________ is characteristic of __________ theories. |
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| According to the behaviorist perspective, parents promote their children's early language development by |
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| reinforcing those sounds that are most like words. |
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