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| near to far, center of body to outside |
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| the capacity of vairous parts of the cerebral cortex to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize |
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| the largest, most complex structure of the human brain, containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses, which accounts for the highly developed intelligence of the human species. |
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| a form of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. Once the nervous system makes the connection between the two stimuli, the neutral stimulus alone will produce the behavior. |
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| a new response produced by a conditioned stimulus that is similar to the unconditioned, or reflexive, response. |
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| a neutral stimulus that through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus leads to a new, conditioned response. |
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| the view that perceptual development involves the detection of increasingly fine-grained, invariant features in the environment. |
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| dynamic systems theory of motor development |
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| a theory that views new motor skills as reorganizations of previously mastered skills, which lead to more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment. Each new skill is a join product of central nervous system development, the body's movement possibilities, environmental supports for the skill, and the child's goal. |
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| experience dependent brain growth |
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Definition
| growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures |
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| experience expectant brain growth |
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| the young brain;s rapidly developing organization, depends on ordinary experiences |
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| cells that are responsible for myelination of neural fibers, improving the efficiency of message transfer. |
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| a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation |
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| learning by copying the behavior of another person. |
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| perception that combines information from more than one modality, or sensory system, resulting in an integrated whole. |
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| a disease caused by a diet low in protein that usually appears after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age. symptoms include an enlarged belly, swollen feet, hair loss, skin rash, and irritable, listless behavior. |
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| specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. |
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| a disease caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients that usually appears in the first year of life and leads to a wasted condition of the body. |
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| specialized cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex in primates that underlie the ability to imitate by firing identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out the action on its own. |
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| the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath, called myelin, that improves the efficiency of message transfer. |
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| nerve cells that store and transmit information |
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| chemicals released by neurons that cross the synapse to send messages to other neurons. |
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| nonorganic failure to thrive |
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| a growth disorder, usually present by 18 months of age, that is caused by lack of affection and stimulation. affected infants show signs of marasmus although no organic cause exists for the failure to grow. |
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| a form of learning in which a spontaneous behavior is followed by a stimulus that changes the probability that the behavior will occur again. |
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| an organized pattern of physical growth and motor control that proceeds from the center of the body outward. |
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| removal of a desirable stimulus or presentation of an unpleasant stimulus, either of which decreases the occurrence of a response. |
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| following habituation, an increase in responsiveness to a new stimulus. |
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| in operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response. |
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| statistical learning capacity |
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Definition
| infants' ability to analyze the speech stream for regularly occurring sound sequences, through which they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they whill later learn meanings. |
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| the gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent. |
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| loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated neurons, thereby returning them to an uncommitted state so they can support future development. |
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| a reflexive response that is produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
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| a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. |
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