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| study of changes and transitions that accompany physical growth and maturation |
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| prenatal development; germinal, embryonic, and fetal |
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| two weeks, zygote moves through the falopian tube, grows into 64 cells, implants into uterus |
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| second stage of gestation; end of 2nd month; genitalia and organ formation |
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| last stage of gestation; third month until birth; movement. androgen will make is male; |
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| hormone that if present in fetal stage will make fetus male |
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| a new born; reflexive behavior |
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| elicited by placing any object in neonates mouth |
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| elicited by stroking baby's cheek |
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| throwing out of arms and legs elicited by loud or frightening noise |
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| fanning of the toes elicited by touching the bottom of the baby's foot |
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| hand grasping elicited by placing an object in the baby's hand |
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| 13-19; begins with onset of puberty; adrenal and pituitary gland secret hormones (androgens and estrogen) cause secondary sex characteristics and growth spurt |
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| work in child development and child cognitive development; humans experience an interaction between internal maturation and external experience that creates qualitative change |
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| happens through assimilation, fitting new information into existing ideas, and accommodation, modification of cognitvie schemata to incorporate new information |
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| stages of piaget's cognitive development |
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| sensorimoto, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
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| 0-2; reflexes from sensation; circular reactions, development of object permanence, acquiring use of representations |
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| skill of sensorimotor stage where repeated behavior is intended to manipulate the environment |
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| skill developed in sensorimotor stage; knowing an object exists even when it can no longer be seen |
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| sensorimotor stage, visualizing or putting words to objects |
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| Piaget's second stage; 2-7; egocentric understanding; using words for symbols, no causality nor understanding of quantity |
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| third piaget stage; 7-12; understanding concrete relationships; development of conservation |
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| last stage of Piaget; 12 years and older; understand abstract concepts, logic, ratio, values; |
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| suggested that PIaget underestimated cognitive abilities of preschoolers and that they can deal with small quantities |
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| piaget's stage of moral development |
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| Moral judgment of the child; 4-7: imitates rules behavior and doesn't question; 7-11 understands and follows rule; 12 and older: applies abstract thinking and can change rules |
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| Freud's five stages of development |
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| oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital |
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| parental over or under indulgence at a particular stage of freud's would result in inability to move on to the next stage |
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| parental over or under indulgence at a particular stage of freud's would result in return to earlier stage |
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| moral development; analyzed responses of children to 9 hypothetical moral dilemmas |
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| hypothetical moral dilemma used by Kohlber where a woman is dying and her husband would have to steal to get medication |
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| Kohlberg's stages of moral development |
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| preconvetional/premoral; conventionality/morality of conformity; postconventional/morality of self-accepted principles |
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| preconventional/premoral stage |
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| level 1: should avoid punishment; level 2: should gain reward |
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| conventional/morality of conformity |
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| level 3: gain approval; 4: follow law and authority |
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| postconventional/morality of self accepted principles |
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| 5: attentive to rights and social welfare; 6: makes decisions based on abstract ethical principles |
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| asserted that KOhlber's moral development theory was biased towards males because it was dominated by rules instead of compassion |
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| life span development; viewed each stage of life as having its own unique psychosocial conflict to resolve |
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| Erikson's stage of development conflicts and outcomes |
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| 1)trust v. mistrust = trust; 2) autonomy v shame and doubt = independence; 3) initiative v. guilt = purpose; 4) industry v. inferiority = competency; 5) identity v. role confusion = sense of self; 6) intimacy v. isolation = love; 7) productivity v. stagnation = productivity/caring; 8) ego integrity v. despair = wisdom and integrity |
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| attachment; infants are motivated to attach to their mothers for positive reasons (wanting closeness) and negative (avoiding fear) |
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| studied attachment through strange situation |
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| studied relationship between parenting style and personality development; authoritarian;; permissive; authoritative |
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| demanding, unaffectionate, strict; have withdrawn unhappy children |
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| affectionate, not strict; happy children lacking self control and reliance |
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| affectionate, firm, but fair; have self reliant, confident, happy children |
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| John Watson's approach to development |
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| behavioristic; asserted children were passively molded by environment and their behavior emerges through imitation |
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| believed that nature provided only a blueprint for development through maturation and that environment filled in details |
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