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| What is developmental psychology? |
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| Ecological Systems Approach |
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| 5 Principles of Human Development |
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| "a butterfly flapping its wings in South America can affect the weather in Central Park". |
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| A group of subjects who have shared a particular experience during a particular time span. |
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Culture
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Ethnicity
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Race |
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| Implications of neurons research |
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Steps of Scientific Method -
Hypothesis
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Research Question;
Replication |
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4 Methodological Concerns
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4 Methodological Concerns
1) Validity
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4 Methodological Concerns
2) Reliability
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4 Methodological Concerns
3) Generalizability
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4 Methodological Concerns
4) Usefulness
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| 4 Descriptive Research Methods |
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4 Descriptive Research Methods
1)
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4 Descriptive Research Methods
2)
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4 Descriptive Research Methods
3)
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4 Descriptive Research Methods
4)
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| Components of an experiment and main advantage of an experiment |
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| 3 methods to study change across time |
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3 methods to study change across time
1)
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3 methods to study change across time
2)
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3 methods to study change across time
3)
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What is a developmental theory?
(grand theories vs emergent theories, including how they emerged) |
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| Psychoanalytical theory - major focus; conflicts in Freud's psychosexual stages; crises in Erikson's psychosocial stages; compare/contrast the two |
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Grand theory
Behavior is a result of unconscious drives and motives (often irrational and originated in early childhood) |
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| Behaviorism - major focus; basic principles of 3 types of learning (classical vs operant conditioning; reinforcement vs punishment - positive vs negative; social learning; modeling; Bandura's Bobo doll experiment |
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Grand theory
Behavior is a result of learned processes (associations)
- 3 types of learning:
1) classical conditioning
2) operant conditioning
3) social learning |
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| Differences between psychoanalysts and behaviorists |
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| Cognitive theory - major focus; Piaget's stages of cognitive development (what drives cognitive development?) |
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Grand theory
Thoughts and expectations guide attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior |
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| Socio-cultural theory - major focus; main limitation; guided participation; zone of proximal development |
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Emergent theory
We learn things by imitating individuals within our culture and by "figuring out" the rules of our culture. |
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| Epigenetic theory - major focus; reaction range; selective adaptation |
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Emergent theory
Also known as evolutionary psychology/adaptationist appraoch/domain specificity/siociobiology
Over millions of years, natural selection has created mental adaptations that guide our behavior. |
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| Contributions and criticisms of the major developmental theories; eclectic perspective |
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| We have so many theories because each focuses on a different aspect of development |
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| The phenotype of an organism depends on the interaction of genetics with the environment. |
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| Contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. |
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| 23 pairs make up the human genome (22 autosomal pairs and 1 sex pair) |
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| Chromosomes 1-22; contains an equal number of copies of the chromosome in males and females. |
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Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
- Contains instructions for physical appearance, psychological traits, vulnerability to disease, behavioral tendencies, and everything else. |
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| Different "forms" of a gene |
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A cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception).
A gamete contains half a complete set of chromosomes; when two gametes join, they form a zygote (a cell that has a complete set of x-somes |
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| Zygote (processes of duplication, division, differentation) |
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Definition
Formed by the joining of two haploid cells (an ovum from a female and a sperm from a male) which combine into a single diploid cell, thus containing DNA from both mother and father to form a new individual. . A zygote receives one set of chromosomes from two gametes,
After multiple cell divisions and cellular differentiation, a zygote develops into an embryo.
Human zygotes exists about 4 days; turn into a blastocyst on the fifth day. |
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Genotype: all the genes an individual has
Phenotype: Observable traits of an individual; represents all the traits displayed by an organism as the result of the interaction between its genotype and the environment. |
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How is sex determined?
(xx vs xy) |
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| Polygenic and multifactorial nature of many human traits |
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| Natural Selection - 3 principles |
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Definition
Principle of Variance: Individuals show differences in their phenotype (morphology, behavior, physiology)
Principle of Inheritance: Part of this variance is inheritable.
Principle of Adaptation: Some genotypes(via phenotypes) are better able to solve the adaptive problems associated with survival and reproduction. |
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| The combination of genes from your mom and dad dictate what phenotype is expressed. |
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| The "weaker" sex - x-linked genes and examples of male vulnerablity |
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Definition
x chromosomes potentially contain deleterious recessive genes - for males, some only have one "x" and if they have a 'bad' x-linked gene they are stuck with it while a female's can be offset with a good x-linked gene.
examples of male vulnerability:
hemophelia (no clotting)
red-green color blindness
fragile x syndrome: mutation on the FMR1 gene.
Y-sperm are faster but potentially more fragile, so more embryos start off male, but more also don't survive before they are noticed.
male embryos are at greater risk of birth complication and show higher levels of:
language/reading delay
autism/asperger syndrome
seizures/tics
weaker immune system
greater risk of cancer/heart disease |
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Dominant
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Recessive genes |
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| Evolutionary arms race (examples about newts and garter snakes; pathogens and humans - defenses against pathogens, immune system, sexual recombination, polymorhism) |
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| diversity may be the result of an evolutionary arms race between pathogens and their hosts. |
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Monozygotic
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Dizygotic twins
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Clone |
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Nature
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Nurture
(examples of addiction and visual acuity) |
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Chromosomal abnormalities
Down Syndrome |
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Chromosomal abnormalities
Fragile x-sydrome
(including differences in males and females)
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4 situations in which couples should seek genetic counseling
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| Disease in which the body can't metabolize phenylalanine, a protein that (in excess) results in mental retardation; can be avoided by specific diet |
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Germinal period
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Embryonic Period
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Fetal period
(significant developments and age of viability) |
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| Main goal of teratology and several factors that determine whether a specific teratogen will be harmful |
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| Identify 5 teratogens and describe their effects on developing embryo/fetus |
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| Mother's "test" of fetal quality |
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| Parent-offspring (maternal blood pressure - mother's vs fetus' point of view; food aversions) |
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| Birth process - including possible need for medical intervention and test used to assess newborn's condition at birth (APGAR scale) |
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Low birthweight
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Very low birthweight
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Extermely Low birthweight |
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Preterm
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Small-for-gestational-age |
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| Importance of social support, parental alliance, and parent-infant bonding |
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Survival of the Fittest
(outcome of 3 principles of natural selection) |
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| Nature selects the genotpyes that show (via their phenotypes) the greatest evidence of successfully fitting their particular survival and/or reproductive niche. |
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| Deleterious Recessive Genes |
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Definition
| The major evolutionary reason why we don't have sex with close kin (incest). |
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Term
| What is a developmental theory? |
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Definition
| oragnized principles (observations/findings) used to explain and make predictions about development. |
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| Behaviorism in a nutshell |
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Definition
basically, organisms will:
1) engage in behaviors that cause pleasure
2) avoid behaviors that cause pain |
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Behaviorism
Social Learning/Social Modeling |
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Definition
social learning provides a potential short-cut to learning. (we learn from watching other people's mistakes and successes)
Bandura Bobo doll experiment showed that when adults were punished, children less likely to imitate
when positive reinforcement/control condition children were more likely to imitate aggressive behavior and add on
We imitate "admired individuals" and "similar others" |
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| Why is learning via operant or classifcal conditioning such a slow process? |
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Definition
| We need to assess the outcome (good or bad) or a potentially infinite number of behaviors. |
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Definition
Experiences that increase the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again
positive: adding a stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behavior
negative: removing a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior. |
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Definition
experiences that decrease the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again.
positive: adding a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
negative: removing a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior. |
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Behaviorism
Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
Training an organism to engage in complex behavior by "rewarding" them every step of the way.
Creating complex behavior via schedules of rewards and punishments
(ex: rats press a lever to get food) |
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Behaviorism
Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
Training an organism to associate 2 variables that are otherwise unrelated by creating an association between stimuli.
To work 2 things need to happen:
1) high frequency of pairing (more than 1 trial)
2) timing of association (stimuli need to be close in time (.5 second) |
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Behaviorism
Classical conditioning 2 |
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Definition
unconditioned stimulus --> unconditioned response
UC --> UR
conditioned stimulus --> conditioned response
CS --> CR |
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