Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Developmental Psychology
Children & Development Mid-Term
101
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/07/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Why study children (3 pts)
Definition
- fastest development in any species
- childhood experiences can affect adulthood
- we need to understand to intervene children at risk
Term
Maturationist Perspective
Definition
Nature - built in plan
Term
Evolutionary Perspective
Definition
- aka ethological and sociobiological
- Darwin
- Critical period
- Mostly nature, but experience does matter
Term
Darwin - Evolutionary Perspective
Definition
Certain social and behavioral traits have survived because they have been useful
Term
Behaviorist Perspective
Definition
- Methods -> observable and measurable
- Tabula rosa (nurture) we become the sum of our experiences
Term
Social Learning Perspective
Definition
- not everything important is observable
- interested in the mind
- we are shaped by our experiences but we don't have to directly experience them ourselves
- bobo doll experiment
Term
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective
Definition
- Freud/Jung
- Steps to development
- If stages are not complete, do not develop properly
Term
Case Studies
Definition
- intense one on one relationship with one individual
- interview over and over and gether data
- use of one person to generalize population
Term
Cons of Case Studies
Definition
- biased, you only look for things that support your theories
- one person does not represent a whole population
Term
Observational Research
Definition
- watch people and make observations
- specific question in mind and look what happens
Term
Cons of Observational research
Definition
- misinterpretation
Term
Correlation Research
Definition
- survey studies
- retrospect research: ask people something about their past
Term
Correlation research: retrospective research
Definition
Ask people about something in the past
Term
Caveat
Definition
can't talk about causation, but can talk about how things are related
Term
True Experiment
Definition
- tightly controlled environment where only the independant variable is affected
- manipulate the IV to affect the DV
- not always generalizable (happen in the real world?)
Term
Cons of corrolational research
Definition
- false answers by the subjects
- caveat
- bias recall of time periods or memories
Term
Quasi Experiments
Definition
- what can't we randomly assign?
- e.g. age cohort
Term
Cross Sectional Research Design
Definition
- Different groups of people at different ages tested on one occasion
Term
Pros of the Cross Sectional Research Design
Definition
- quick & cheap
- can give us an idea on further, better controlled experiemnts
Term
Cons of Cross Sectional Research Design
Definition
- cohort effect
- says nothing about stability - only about age differences
Term
Cohort Effect
Definition
- Group of people who grew up experiencing the same things
Term
Longitudinal Research Design
Definition
- Follow the same subjects over time
Term
Pros of the Longitudinal Research Design
Definition
- tells us about stability
Term
Cons of the Longitudinal Research Design
Definition
- expensive, takes a long time
- cohort effect
- practice effect (they get better at it as time goes on)
- mortality/attrition
Term
Sequential Research Design (aka longitudinal-sequential or cross-sequential)
Definition
- two or more cross sectional studies that you follow longitudinally
Term
Pros of Sequential Research Design
Definition
- compares the groups of different cohorts to eliminate error
- compares cohort patterns of behavior
Term
Cons of Sequential Research Design
Definition
- comeplicated
- expensive & time consuming
Term
Genotype
Definition
our genetic plan, who we are coded to be
Term
Phenotype
Definition
how our genes are expressed (intellectual skills, physical traits, personality, etc)
Term
Which is studied in psychology: genotype or phenotype?
Definition
Phenotype
Term
What was found if the biological father of an adopted son was a criminal, and the adoptive father was not?
Definition
Son more likely to be a criminal
Term
What would happen if the adoptive father of a boy was a criminal, but the biological father was not a criminal?
Definition
Son more likely to be a criminal
Term
Propriosention
Definition
Baby is subconsciously aware of their environment in the womb
Term
Most developed sense in the womb
Definition
Hearing
Term
Sucking reflex in the womb
Definition
- most important reflex to develop before the baby is born (feeding)
- show preference to left/right
Term
Two lines of defence for unborn children
Definition
- amniotic fluid (physical)
- placenta (filter)
Term
Teratogens
Definition
agents that cross the placental barrier
Term
3 classes of teratogens
Definition
- Maternal illness
- poisons
- drugs
Term
Brain growth: continuous/discontinuous?
Definition
Discontinuous, we develop in spurts
Term
Synaptogenisis
Definition
process of creating synapses between neurons
Term
Synaptic pruning
Definition
dying off of the synapses that are not in use
Term
Reflexes - definition
Definition
involuntary physical responses to stimulation
Term
Adaptive reflexes
Definition
things that help babies survive
Term
Primitive reflexes
Definition
precursors to adult behaviors
Term
Babinski reflex
Definition
faning of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked
-> unknown significance
Term
Blink reflex
Definition
eyes close in response to bright lights or loud noises
-> protects the eyes
Term
Moro reflex
Definition
throws arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise or when its head falls
-> may help baby cling to mother
Term
Palmar reflex
Definition
grasps an object placed in the palm of its hand
-> precursor to voluntary grasping
Term
Rooting reflex
Definition
when cheek is stroked baby turns head towards stroking and opens mouth
-> helps baby find nipple
Term
Stepping Reflex
Definition
baby held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically
-> precursor to voluntary walking
Term
Stepping Reflex
Definition
baby held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically
-> precursor to voluntary walking
Term
Sucking Reflex
Definition
baby sucks when object is placed in mouth
-> permits feeding
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
withdraws foot when the sole is pricked with a pin
-> protects from unpleasant stimulus
Term
Obesity: parental behavior (3 pts)
Definition
- food as reinforcer
- high calorie diet
- TV watching
Term
Obesity - food as reinforcer
Definition
- kids begin to associate fattening foods with feeling good
- we've been conditioned to find certain foods comforting
Term
Obesity - evolutionary story
Definition
ancestors had to forage and hunt for food, and therefore burned a lot of energy to find food, therefore evolved a preference for fatty foods
Term
Boys early puberty
Definition
- develop lean (mesomorphic) body type that is approved by society
- positive body image
- do better in school
- get into less trouble
- higher aggressiveness and hostility
Term
Girls early puberty
Definition
- layer of reproductive fat but not culturally admired (endomorphic body type)
- depression
- negative body image
- eating disorders and smoking
- joining of negative peers groups
Term
Kinsey's findings on early puberty
Definition
Kinsey found that people who developed earlier tend to be more sexual
Related to:
- sex drive
- willingness to engage in casual sex
- timing of first sexual fantasies
Term
Sensation - definition
Definition
acquisition of information through our sensory organs and the transition of that information to the brain
Term
Perception - definition
Definition
attribution of the meaning of those sensations
Term
Preference technique
Definition
show a baby two pictures of two objects and measure how long a baby looks at each
- the one the baby looks at longest is the one the baby prefers
Term
Habituation - definition
Definition
Means you're getting used to some form of stimulus in your environment to the point that you don't notice it anymore
Term
Dishabituation - definition
Definition
Noticing a change in the stimulus and the stimulus becomes interesting again
Term
Newborn Hearing
Definition
Best developed sense
- problem hearing higher pitches
- locating using sound improves (adult acuity by 18 months)
Term
Newborn tatse
Definition
Excellent taste, biological?
Term
Binocular cues
Definition
Use both eyes to send information based of where it's placed on the eyes and combine that information to find out where the object is
- more diff = closer
- less diff = farther
Term
Monocular cues (2 pts)
Definition
- interposition: objects in front of/behind help perceive depth distance
- linear perspective (e.g. railroad tracks)
Term
Kinetic cues
Definition
Kinetic = moving
Motion parallax: objects closer move faster than objects farther away (think of a car)
Term
Visual cue development
Definition
kinetic -> binocular -> monocular
Term
Looming technique
Definition
Move object towards infants - see if babies flinch & or try to move away
Term
Do babies prefer some faces to others?
Definition
Yes - babies prefer attractive faces to unattractive faces
Term
Walton's findings on babies maternal face preference
Definition
Found that babies prefer mothers face even when a picture of someone similar looking is presented
Term
What perspective did Piaget take?
Definition
Maturationist perspective
Term
Key Ideas to Piaget
Definition
- kids are active motivated learners
- interaction with the environment is critical to cognitive development
- Kids organize what they learn
Term
How do kids organize what the use
Definition
schemes/schemas
Term
Piaget: Accomplishments during the Sensory-motor stage (2)
Definition
- object permanence
- intentionality
Term
Object permanence
Definition
Doesn't realize that when they can't see the object that it may still be there/exist. This is the knowledge that when the object is out of sight, it still exists
Term
Intentionality
Definition
Engagement in behavior to get something you want
Term
Piaget: Preoperational stage
Definition
- begin symbolic thought, pretend play
Term
Piaget: challenges to the preoperational stage (2)
Definition
- centration
- egocentric

- conservation
Term
Centration
Definition
Inability to focus on multiple aspects of a task or problem
-> class inclusion (beads)
Term
Conservation
Definition
don't understand that change in appearance doesn't necessarily mean change in quantity
Term
Piaget: concrete operations stage
Definition
- schemes are more sophisticated
- de-centering
Term
Difficulties in the concrete operations stage
Definition
- multi-faceted problems
- abstract concepts
- double meanings
- hypothetical ideas that contradict reality
Term
Piaget: formal operations stage
Definition
- can think/reason about abstract concepts, "contrary to fact" ideas, hypotherical's
- systematic problem solving
-> pendulum task
Term
Memory - definition
Definition
built based on our experiences, prone to errors, and can also be biased based on what is important to us
Term
Three memory components
Definition
Sensory memory -> short term/working memory -> long term memory
Term
Age related change in information processing abilities
Definition
Short term memory capacity increases with age
Term
Executive Processes
Definition
Thinking about thinking - we monitor ourselves as we think: we think about what we know, what we don't, and how we figue out things we don't know
Term
Memory Strategies
(4)
Definition
- rehearsal
- chunking
- elaboration
- expertise
Term
Memory Strategies: chunking
Definition
- create meaningful categories
Term
Memory Strategies: elaboration
Definition
- rare even in adults
- find common meanings, e.g. mnemonics, list order acronyms
Term
Memory Strategies: expertise
Definition
- domain specific
- adults have a better memory base and therefore chunk information better than children
Term
Mental age
Definition
the difficulty of the problems that children could solve correctly
Term
Binet & Simon -> IQ formula
Definition
MA/CA x 100 = IQ
Term
WISC-III Scores (3)
Definition
- verbal IQ
- performance IQ
- full scale IQ
Term
Dynamic Learning
Definition
measures a child's learning potential by having the child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner's help
Term
Goal of static testing
Definition
knowing a child's current level of skill
Term
Goal of dynamic testing
Definition
knowing the child's potential to acquire better skills
Term
Goal of dynamic testing
Definition
knowing the child's potential to acquire better skills
Supporting users have an ad free experience!